Post by Stephen GreenPost by kangarooistanYes mate
9/11 was an inside job , " false flag operation " , designed to
activate a war so America could engage in its NEXT big land grab
America has used this exact same " modus operandi " a hundred times
As you say , if you examine very closely you can see that 9/11 was a
great big LIE , but a very profitable LIE for those who planned it
If you examine " who benifits most " you will find out who done it
9/11 was just the latest , most have not even noticed that " The
Boston Tea Party " was the first such LIE , " false flag " used to
start a war of aggression / land grab /oil grab BY AMERICA
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party
Event
1789 engravingOn Thursday, December 16, 1773, the evening before the
tea was supposed to be landing, the Sons of Liberty, three groups of
50 Boston residents each organized by Samuel Adams, burst from the
Old
South Meeting House and headed toward Griffin's Wharf, dressed as
Mohawks in hopes to disguise their true identities to avoid reprimand
and punishment. Three ships - the Dartmouth, the Eleanor and the
Beaver - were loaded with hundreds of crates of tea. (A fourth ship,
the William, sank off the coast of Cape Cod before arriving to Boston
Harbor). The men boarded the ships and began destroying the cargo. By
9 p.m., they had opened 342 crates of tea (worth approximately
£10,000) in all three ships and had thrown them into Boston Harbor.
Reaction
This act brought criticism from both colonial and British officials.
For instance, Benjamin Franklin stated that the destroyed tea must be
repaid, and he offered to repay with his own money. The British
government responded by closing the port of Boston and put in place
other laws that were known as the "Intolerable Acts," also called the
Coercive Acts, or Punitive Acts. However, a number of colonists were
inspired to carry out similar acts, such as the burning of the Peggy
Stewart. The Boston Tea Party eventually proved to be one of the many
causes that led to the American Revolution.
At the very least, the Boston Tea Party and the reaction that
followed
served to rally support for revolutionaries in the thirteen colonies
who were eventually successful in their fight for independence.
As far as tea drinking itself was concerned, many colonists, in
Boston
and elsewhere in the country, pledged to keep away from the drink as
a
protest, turning instead to "Balsamic hyperion" (made from raspberry
leaves) and other herbal infusions. This social protest movement away
from tea drinking was not, however, long-lived.
-------------
THE BOSTON TEA PARTY WAS THE FIRST FALSE FLAG WAR
They even tried to dress up as Indians to hide the real identity
They split into 3 or 4 groups to ensure enough actually hit the
target, same as 9/11 and spain and london and boston tea party even
the manson /tate /helter skelter murders
all carefully aimed to hide the real terrorists and inflame a war for
american land grab and more profit
While private companys stand to make tens of billions from starting
wars
The Americans will hire israeli death squads to start wars as often
as
they need , as long as its profitable , they will go on commiting
warcrimes
We must get rid of Israeli death squads as well as their AMERICAN
masters [ many of whom are israeli jews ] duel citizens
ALL aimed at starting a war by under cover actions
One day the western TAXPAYERS will wake up that this time it has
backfired
The MUSLIMS are not as dumb as they look and will fight on for
hundreds of years , exactly like the last crusades
The west will slowly bleed to death AGAIN and enter another dark ages
of hundreds of years AGAIN
Just like last crusades , this war will go on till all the money is
gone and the sheeple have nothing left and the west is bled into a
collapsed empire
www.costofwar.com
Boston Tea Party was the first
9/11 , will be the LAST time it will work , the sad truth has now
leaked out and nobody now believes the official 9/11 story
Clearly it was an inside job , with Israeli death squads doing the
dirty bits and setting up a few muslims as scape goats
sadly there are a few too many nmuslims for western taxpayers to pay
Israeli death squads to murder
There are over 5000 more muslims EVERY HOUR , 24/7
Its all over for America and Israel , its only a matter of time , the
western taxpayers simply have no way to murder 5000 muslims every hour
FOR DECADES just to try and slow the inevitable , but the end of the
western warcriminals is within sight
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_by_country
============================
Then Canada got pissed off at the Americans and burned down the White
House!!!!!
Poor silly yanks , some STILL cant work out why they are SO hated
around the world
And the biggest joke of all is their national anthem , some yanks
STILL have not worked out that , the author was an undercover British
SPY / AGENT
Francis Scott Key wrote the " now anthem as a coded message between
" loyalists " , ie those still loyal to Brittain , and all these tears
later they still have not clicked to the fact he hatedwhay Washington
and his rebel killers were doing to HIS country , Key helped hundreds
of loyalists migrate via canada to england and AUSTRALIA
We had a whole bunch of run away yanks land on kangaroo Island , at a
place still called American River , one of who was KEYS son , my GG
grandfather [ maternal side}
Francis Scott KEY was an undercover AGENT and I still have proof in
his own F S KEYs , own written letters to my gg grandfather to prove
it
ITS NO WONDER AMERICANS ARE SO HATED EVERY WHERE
have you seen WHY
Extraterritorial and major domestic deployments
[edit] 1775-1800
1775-83 American Revolutionary War
1798-1800 -- Undeclared Naval War with France (Quasi-War). This
contest included land actions, such as that in the Dominican Republic,
city of Puerto Plata, where U.S. Marines captured a French privateer
under the guns of the forts. Congress authorized military action
through a series of statutes.
[edit] 1800-1809
1801-05 -- Tripoli. The First Barbary War included the USS George
Washington and USS Philadelphia affairs and the Eaton expedition,
during which a few marines landed with United States Agent William
Eaton to raise a force against Tripoli in an effort to free the crew
of the Philadelphia from the Barbary pirates. Tripoli declared war but
not the United States, although Congress authorized US military action
by statute.
1806 -- Mexico (Spanish territory). Captain Zebulon M. Pike, with a
platoon of troops, invaded Spanish territory at the headwaters of the
Rio Grande on orders from General James Wilkinson. He was made
prisoner without resistance at a fort he constructed in present day
Colorado, taken to Mexico, and later released after seizure of his
papers.
1806-10 -- Gulf of Mexico. American gunboats operated from New Orleans
against Spanish and French privateers off the Mississippi Delta,
chiefly under Captain John Shaw and Master Commandant David Porter.
[edit] 1810-1819
1810 -- West Florida (Spanish territory). Governor William C.C.
Claiborne of Louisiana, on orders of the President, occupied with
troops territory in dispute east of the Mississippi as far as the
Pearl River, later the eastern boundary of Louisiana. He was
authorized to seize as far east as the Perdido River.
1812 – Amelia Island and other parts of east Florida, then under
Spain. Temporary possession was authorized by President James Madison
and by Congress, to prevent occupation by any other power; but
possession was obtained by General George Mathews in so irregular a
manner that his measures were disavowed by the President.
1812-15 – War of 1812. On June 18, 1812, the United States declared
war against the United Kingdom. Among the issues leading to the war
were British interception of neutral ships and blockades of the United
States during British hostilities with France.
1813 -- West Florida (Spanish territory). On authority given by
Congress, General Wilkinson seized Mobile Bay in April with 600
soldiers. A small Spanish garrison gave way. Thus U.S. troops advanced
into disputed territory to the Perdido River, as projected in 1810. No
fighting.
1813-14 – Marquesas Islands. (French Polynesia) US forces built a fort
on the island of Nukahiva to protect three prize ships which had been
captured from the British.
1814 -- Spanish Florida. General Andrew Jackson took Pensacola and
drove out the British forces.
1814-25 -- Caribbean. Engagements between pirates and American ships
or squadrons took place repeatedly especially ashore and offshore
about Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Yucatan. Three thousand
pirate attacks on merchantmen were reported between 1815 and 1823. In
1822, Commodore James Biddle employed a squadron of two frigates, four
sloops of war, two brigs, four schooners, and two gunboats in the West
Indies.
1815 -- Algiers. The second Barbary War was declared against the
United States by the Dey of Algiers of the Barbary states, an act not
reciprocated by the United States. Congress did authorize a military
expedition by statutes. A large fleet under Captain Stephen Decatur
attacked Algiers and obtained indemnities.
1815 -- Tripoli. After securing an agreement from Algiers, Captain
Decatur demonstrated with his squadron at Tunis and Tripoli, where he
secured indemnities for offenses during the War of 1812.
1816 -- Spanish Florida. United States forces destroyed Negro Fort,
which harbored fugitive slaves making raids across the Georgia border.
1816-18 -- Spanish Florida - First Seminole War. The Seminole Indians,
whose area was a haven for escaped slaves and border ruffians, were
attacked by troops under General Jackson and General Edmond P. Gaines
and pursued into northern Florida. Spanish posts were attacked and
occupied, British citizens executed. In 1819 the Floridas were ceded
to the United States.
1817 – Amelia Island(Spanish territory off Florida). Under orders of
President James Monroe, United States forces landed and expelled a
group of smugglers, adventurers, and freebooters.
1818 -- Oregon. The USS Ontario dispatched from Washington, which made
a landing at the mouth of the Columbia River to assert US claims.
Spain and Russia had conceded sovereignty to the area but the British
Empire had a parallel claim. Subsequent to this confrontation the two
powers agreed to a joint occupancy of the region, which was finally
resolved with the Oregon Treaty of 1846.
[edit] 1820-1829
1820-23 -- Africa. Naval units raided the slave traffic pursuant to
the 1819 act of Congress. [1]
1822 -- Cuba. United States naval forces suppressing piracy landed on
the northwest coast of Cuba and burned a pirate station.
1823 -- Cuba. Brief landings in pursuit of pirates occurred April 8
near Escondido; April 16 near Cayo Blanco; July 11 at Siquapa Bay;
July 21 at Cape Cruz; and October 23 at Camrioca.
1824 -- Cuba. In October the USS Porpoise landed bluejackets near
Matanzas in pursuit of pirates. This was during the cruise authorized
in 1822.
1824 -- Puerto Rico (Spanish territory). Commodore David Porter with a
landing party attacked the town of Fajardo which had sheltered pirates
and insulted American naval officers. He landed with 200 men in
November and forced an apology. Commodore Porter was later court-
martialed for overstepping his powers.
1825 -- Cuba. In March cooperating American and British forces landed
at Sagua La Grande to capture pirates.
1827 -- Greece. In October and November landing parties hunted pirates
on the Mediterranean islands of Argenteire, Miconi, and Androse.
[edit] 1830-1839
1831-32 – Falkland Islands. Captain Duncan of the USS Lexington
investigated the capture of three American sealing vessels and sought
to protect American interests.
1832 – Sumatra. (Indonesia) - February 6 to 9. A naval force landed
and stormed a fort to punish natives of the town of Quallah Battoo for
plundering the American ship Friendship.
1833 -- Argentina. - October 31 to November 15. A force was sent
ashore at Buenos Aires to protect the interests of the United States
and other countries during an insurrection.
1835-36 -- Peru. - December 10, 1835, to January 24, 1836, and August
31 to December 7, 1836. Marines protected American interests in Callao
and Lima during an attempted revolution.
1836 -- Mexico. General Gaines occupied Nacogdoches (Texas), disputed
territory, from July to December during the Texan war for
independence, under orders to cross the "imaginary boundary line" if
an Indian outbreak threatened.
1838 - The Caroline Affair on Navy Island, Canada. After the failure
of the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 favoring Canadian democracy and
independence from the British Empire; William Lyon Mackenzie and his
rebels fled to Navy Island where they declared the Republic of Canada.
American sympathizers sent supplies on the S.S. Caroline, which was
intercepted by the British and set ablaze, creating an incident.
1838-39 – Sumatra (Indonesia). - December 24, 1838, to January 4,
1839. A naval force landed to punish natives of the towns of Quallah
Battoo and Muckie (Mukki) for depredations on American shipping.
[edit] 1840-1849
1840 -- Fiji Islands. - July. Naval forces landed to punish natives
for attacking American exploring and surveying parties.
1841 -- Drummond Island, Kingsmill Group (Pacific Ocean). A naval
party landed to avenge the murder of a seaman by the natives.
1841 – Samoa. - February 24. A naval party landed and burned towns
after the murder of an American seaman on Upolu Island.
1842 -- Mexico. Commodore T.A.C. Jones, in command of a squadron long
cruising off California, occupied Monterey, Calif., on October 19,
believing war had come. He discovered peace, withdrew, and saluted. A
similar incident occurred a week later at San Diego.
1843 -- China. Sailors and marines from the St. Louis were landed
after a clash between Americans and Chinese at the trading post in
Canton.
1843 -- Africa. - November 29 to December 16. Four United States
vessels demonstrated and landed various parties (one of 200 marines
and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory
Coast, and to punish attacks by the natives on American seamen and
shipping.
1844 -- Mexico. President Tyler deployed US forces to protect Texas
against Mexico, pending Senate approval of a treaty of annexation.
(Later rejected.) He defended his action against a Senate resolution
of inquiry.
1846 -- Bear Flag Revolt.
1846-48 -- Mexican-American War After the annexation of Texas in 1845,
the United States and Mexico failed to resolve a boundary dispute and
President Polk said that it was necessary to deploy forces in Mexico
to meet a threatened invasion. On May 13,1846, declared war with
Mexico.
1849 – Smyrna (Izmir, Turkey). In July a naval force gained release of
an American seized by Austrian officials.
[edit] 1850-1859
1851 -- Turkey. After a massacre of foreigners (including Americans)
at Jaffa in January, a demonstration by the Mediterranean Squadron was
ordered along the Turkish (Levant) coast.
1851 -- Johanns Island (east of Africa). - August. Forces from the US
sloop of war Dale exacted redress for the unlawful imprisonment of the
captain of an American whaling brig.
1852-53 -- Argentina. - February 3 to 12, 1852; September 17, 1852 to
April 1853. Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos Aires to
protect American interests during a revolution.
1853 -- Nicaragua. - March 11 to 13. US forces landed to protect
American lives and interests during political disturbances.
1853-54 -- Japan. Commodore Matthew Perry and his expedition made a
display of force leading to the "opening of Japan."
1853-54 -- Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands (Japan). Commodore Matthew Perry
on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting for a reply
from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and
secured a coaling concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa; he
also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands with the purpose of securing
facilities for commerce.
1854 -- China. - April 4 to June 15 to 17. American and English ships
landed forces to protect American interests in and near Shanghai
during Chinese civil strife.
1854-58 -- Nicaragua Naval Battles
1854 -- Nicaragua. - July 9 to 15. Naval forces bombarded and burned
San Juan del Norte (Greytown) to avenge an insult to the American
Minister to Nicaragua.
1855 -- China. - May 19 to 21. US forces protected American interests
in Shanghai and, from August 3 to 5 fought pirates near Hong Kong.
1855 -- Fiji Islands. - September 12 to November 4. An American naval
force landed to seek reparations for attacks on American residents and
seamen.
1855 -- Uruguay. - November 25 to 29. United States and European naval
forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted
revolution in Montevideo.
1856 -- Panama, Republic of New Grenada. - September 19 to 22. US
forces landed to protect American interests during an insurrection.
1856 -- China. - October 22 to December 6. US forces landed to protect
American interests at Canton during hostilities between the British
and the Chinese, and to avenge an assault upon an unarmed boat
displaying the United States flag.
1857-58 -- Utah War.
1857 -- Nicaragua. - April to May, November to December. In May
Commander Charles H. Davis of the United States Navy, with some
marines, received the surrender of William Walker, self proclaimed
president of Nicaragua, who was losing control of the country to
forces financed by his former business partner, Cornelius Vanderbilt,
and protected his men from the retaliation of native allies who had
been fighting Walker. In November and December of the same year United
States vessels USS Saratoga, USS Wabash, and Fulton opposed another
attempt of William Walker on Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram Paulding's act
of landing marines and compelling the removal of Walker to the United
States, was tacitly disavowed by Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and
Paulding was forced into retirement.
1858 -- Uruguay. - January 2 to 27. Forces from two United States
warships landed to protect American property during a revolution in
Montevideo.
1858 -- Fiji Islands. - October 6 to 16. A marine expedition with the
USS Vandalia enacted revenge on natives for the murder of two American
citizens at Waya. [2] [3]
1858-59 -- Turkey. The Secretary of State requested a display of naval
force along the Levant after a massacre of Americans at Jaffa and
mistreatment elsewhere "to remind the authorities (of Turkey) of the
power of the United States."
1859 -- Paraguay. Congress authorized a naval squadron to seek redress
for an attack on a naval vessel in the Parana River during 1855.
Apologies were made after a large display of force.
1859 -- Mexico. Two hundred United States soldiers crossed the Rio
Grande in pursuit of the Mexican bandit Juan Cortina.[4]
1859 -- China. - July 31 to August 2. A naval force landed to protect
American interests in Shanghai.
[edit] 1860-1869
1860 -- Angola, Portuguese West Africa. - March 1. American residents
at Kissembo called upon American and British ships to protect lives
and property during problems with natives.
1860 -- Colombia, Bay of Panama. - September 27 to October 8. Naval
forces landed to protect American interests during a revolution.
1861-65 -- American Civil War
1863 -- Japan. - July 16. The USS Wyoming retaliated against a firing
on the American vessel Pembroke at Shimonoseki.
1864 -- Japan.- July 14 to August 3. Naval forces protected the United
States Minister to Japan when he visited Yedo to negotiate concerning
some American claims against Japan, and to make his negotiations
easier by impressing the Japanese with American power.
1864 -- Japan. - September 4 to 14. Naval forces of the United States,
Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands compelled Japan and the
Prince of Nagato in particular to permit the Straits of Shimonoseki to
be used by foreign shipping in accordance with treaties already
signed.
1865-77 -- Post Civil War Reconstruction
1865 -- Panama. - March 9 and 10. US forces protected the lives and
property of American residents during a revolution.
1866 -- Mexico. To protect American residents, General Sedgwick and
100 men in November obtained surrender of Matamoros, on the border
State of Tamaulipas. After three days he was ordered by US Government
to withdraw. His act was repudiated by the President.
1866 -- China. From June 20 to July 7, US forces punished an assault
on the American consul at Newchwang.
1867 -- Nicaragua. Marines occupied Managua and Leon.
1867 -- Formosa (island of Taiwan) - June 13. A naval force landed and
burned a number of huts to punish the murder of the crew of a wrecked
American vessel.
1868 -- Japan (Osaka, Hiolo, Nagasaki, Yokohama, and Negata). -
February 4 to 8, April 4 to May 12, June 12 and 13. US forces were
landed to protect American interests during the civil war in Japan.
1868 -- Uruguay. - February 7 and 8, 19 to 26. US forces protected
foreign residents and the customhouse during an insurrection at
Montevideo.
1868 -- Colombia. - April. US forces protected passengers and treasure
in transit at Aspinwall during the absence of local police or troops
on the occasion of the death of the President of Colombia.
[edit] 1870-1879
1870 -- Mexico. - June 17 and 18. US forces destroyed the pirate ship
Forward, which had been run aground about 40 miles up the Rio Tecapan.
1870 -- Hawaiian Islands. - September 21. US forces placed the
American flag at half mast upon the death of Queen Kalama, when the
American consul at Honolulu would not assume responsibility for so
doing.
1871 -- Korea. Shinmiyangyo Battle in Korea - June 10 to 12. A US
naval force attacked and captured five forts to punish natives for
depredations on Americans, particularly for murdering the crew of the
General Sherman and burning the schooner, and for later firing on
other American small boats taking soundings up the Salee River.
1873 -- Colombia (Bay of Panama). - May 7 to 22, September 23 to
October 9. U.S. forces protected American interests during hostilities
between local groups over control of the government of the State of
Panama.
1873-96 -- Mexico. United States troops crossed the Mexican border
repeatedly in pursuit of cattle and other thieves and other brigands.
There were some reciprocal pursuits by Mexican troops into border
territory. Mexico protested frequently. Notable cases were at Remolina
in May 1873 and at Las Cuevas in 1875. Washington orders often
supported these excursions. Agreements between Mexico and the United
States, the first in 1882, finally legitimized such raids. They
continued intermittently, with minor disputes, until 1896.
1874 -- Hawaiian Islands. - February 12 to 20. Detachments from
American vessels were landed to preserve order and protect American
lives and interests during the coronation of a new king.
1876 -- Mexico. - May 18. An American force was landed to police the
town of Matamoros, Tamaulipas State, temporarily while it was without
other government.
[edit] 1880-1889
1882 -- Egypt. - July 14 to 18. American forces landed to protect
American interests during warfare between British and Egyptians and
looting of the city of Alexandria by Arabs.
1885 -- Panama (Colon). - January 18 and 19. US forces were used to
guard the valuables in transit over the Panama Railroad, and the safes
and vaults of the company during revolutionary activity. In March,
April, and May in the cities of Colon and Panama, the forces helped
reestablish freedom of transit during revolutionary activity.
1888 -- Korea. - June. A naval force was sent ashore to protect
American residents in Seoul during unsettled political conditions,
when an outbreak of the populace was expected.
1888 -- Haiti. - December 20. A display of force persuaded the Haitian
Government to give up an American steamer which had been seized on the
charge of breach of blockade.
1888-89 -- Samoa. - November 14, 1888, to March 20, 1889. US forces
were landed to protect American citizens and the consulate during a
native civil war.
1889 -- Hawaiian Islands. - July 30 and 31. US forces protected
American interests at Honolulu during a revolution.
[edit] 1890-1899
1890 -- Argentina. A naval party landed to protect US consulate and
legation in Buenos Aires.
1891 -- Haiti. US forces sought to protect American lives and property
on Navassa Island.
1891 -- Bering Strait. - July 2 to October 5. Naval forces sought to
stop seal poaching.
1891 -- Chile. - August 28 to 30. US forces protected the American
consulate and the women and children who had taken refuge in it during
a revolution in Valparaiso.
1893 -- Hawaii. - January 16 to April 1. Marines were landed
ostensibly to protect American lives and property, but many believed
actually to promote a provisional government under Sanford B. Dole.
This action was disavowed by the United States.
1894 -- Brazil. - January. A display of naval force sought to protect
American commerce and shipping at Rio de Janeiro during a Brazilian
civil war.
1894 -- Nicaragua. - July 6 to August 7. US forces sought to protect
American interests at Bluefields following a revolution.
1894-95 -- China. Marines were stationed at Tientsin and penetrated to
Peking for protection purposes during the First Sino-Japanese War.
1894-95 -- China. A naval vessel was beached and used as a fort at
Newchwang for protection of American nationals.
1894-96 -- Korea. - July 24, 1894 to April 3, 1896. A guard of marines
was sent to protect the American legation and American lives and
interests at Seoul during and following the Sino-Japanese War.
1895 -- Colombia. - March 8 to 9. US forces protected American
interests during an attack on the town of Bocas del Toro by a bandit
chieftain.
1895-96 -- Venezuela. - Settlement of boundary dispute.
1896 -- Nicaragua. - May 2 to 4. US forces protected American
interests in Corinto during political unrest.
1898 -- Nicaragua. - February 7 and 8. US forces protected American
lives and property at San Juan del Sur.
1898 -- Spanish-American War On April 25, 1898, the United States
declared war with Spain. The war followed a Cuban insurrection, the
Cuban War of Independence against Spanish rule and the sinking of the
USS Maine in the harbor at Havana.
1898-99 -- Samoa. Second Samoan Civil War February-May 15, 1899.
American and British naval forces landed to protect national interests
and to take part in a bloody contention over the succession to the
throne.
1898-99 -- China. - November 5, 1898 to March 15, 1899. US forces
provided a guard for the legation at Peking and the consulate at
Tientsin during contest between the Dowager Empress and her son.
1899 -- Nicaragua. American and British naval forces were landed to
protect national interests at San Juan del Norte, February 22 to March
5, and at Bluefields a few weeks later in connection with the
insurrection of Gen. Juan P. Reyes.
1899-1913 -- Philippine Islands. Philippine-American War US forces
protected American interests following the war with Spain and
conquered the islands by defeating the Filipinos in their war for
independence during the Philippine-American War.
[edit] 1900-1909
1900 -- China. - May 24 to September 28. Boxer Rebellion American
troops participated in operations to protect foreign lives during the
Boxer rising, particularly at Peking. For many years after this
experience a permanent legation guard was maintained in Peking, and
was strengthened at times as trouble threatened.
1901 -- Colombia (State of Panama). - November 20 to December 4.
Panamanian Revolution US forces protected American property on the
Isthmus and kept transit lines open during serious revolutionary
disturbances.
1902 -- Colombia. - April 16 to 23. US forces protected American lives
and property at Bocas del Toro during a civil war.
1902 -- Colombia (State of Panama). - September 17 to November 18. The
United States placed armed guards on all trains crossing the Isthmus
to keep the railroad line open, and stationed ships on both sides of
Panama to prevent the landing of Colombian troops.
1903 -- Honduras. - March 23 to 30 or 31. US forces protected the
American consulate and the steamship wharf at Puerto Cortez during a
period of revolutionary activity.
1903 -- Dominican Republic. - March 30 to April 21. A detachment of
marines was landed to protect American interests in the city of Santo
Domingo during a revolutionary outbreak.
1903 -- Syria. - September 7 to 12. US forces protected the American
consulate in Beirut when a local Moslem uprising was feared.
1903-04 -- Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Twenty-five marines were sent to
Abyssinia to protect the US Consul General while he negotiated a
treaty.
1903-14 -- Panama. US forces sought to protect American interests and
lives during and following the revolution for independence from
Colombia over construction of the Isthmian Canal. With brief
intermissions, United States Marines were stationed on the Isthmus
from November 4, 1903, to January 21, 1914 to guard American
interests.
1904 -- Dominican Republic. - January 2 to February 11. American and
British naval forces established an area in which no fighting would be
allowed and protected American interests in Puerto Plata and Sosua and
Santo Domingo City during revolutionary fighting.
1904 -- Tangier, Morocco. "We want either Perdicaris alive or Raisula
dead." A squadron demonstrated to force release of a kidnapped
American. Marines were landed to protect the consul general.
1904 -- Panama. - November 17 to 24. US forces protected American
lives and property at Ancon at the time of a threatened insurrection.
1904-05 -- Korea. - January 5, 1904, to November 11, 1905. A guard of
Marines was sent to protect the American legation in Seoul during the
Russo-Japanese War.
1906-09 -- Cuba. - September 1906 to January 23, 1909. US forces
sought to protect interests and re-establish a government after
revolutionary activity.
1907 -- Honduras. - March 18 to June 8. To protect American interests
during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua, troops were stationed in
Trujillo, Ceiba, Puerto Cortez, San Pedro, Laguna and Choloma.
1909-33 -- Nicaragua. - May 19 to September 4, 1910. Occupation of
Nicaragua US forces protected American interests at Bluefields.
[edit] 1910-1919
1911 -- Honduras. - January 26. American naval detachments were landed
to protect American lives and interests during a civil war in
Honduras.
1911 -- China. As the nationalist revolution approached, in October an
ensign and 10 men tried to enter Wuchang to rescue missionaries but
retired on being warned away, and a small landing force guarded
American private property and consulate at Hankow. Marines were
deployed in November to guard the cable stations at Shanghai; landing
forces were sent for protection in Nanking, Chinkiang, Taku and
elsewhere.
1912 -- Honduras. A small force landed to prevent seizure by the
government of an American-owned railroad at Puerto Cortes. The forces
were withdrawn after the United States disapproved the action.
1912 -- Panama. Troops, on request of both political parties,
supervised elections outside the Canal Zone.
1912 -- Cuba. - June 5 to August 5. US forces protected American
interests on the Province of Oriente, and in Havana.
1912 -- China. - August 24 to 26, on Kentucky Island, and August 26 to
30 at Camp Nicholson. US forces protected Americans and American
interests during revolutionary activity.
1912 -- Turkey. - November 18 to December 3. US forces guarded the
American legation at Constantinople during a Balkan War.
1912-25 -- Nicaragua. - August to November 1912. US forces protected
American interests during an attempted revolution. A small force,
serving as a legation guard and seeking to promote peace and
stability, remained until August 5, 1925.
1912-41 -- China. The disorders which began with the overthrow of the
dynasty during Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by
the invasion of China by Japan, led to demonstrations and landing
parties for the protection of US interests in China continuously and
at many points from 1912 on to 1941. The guard at Peking and along the
route to the sea was maintained until 1941. In 1927, the United States
had 5,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in its waters.
In 1933 the United States had 3,027 armed men ashore. The protective
action was generally based on treaties with China concluded from 1858
to 1901.
1913 -- Mexico. - September 5 to 7. A few marines landed at Ciaris
Estero to aid in evacuating American citizens and others from the
Yaqui Valley, made dangerous for foreigners by civil strife.
1914 -- Haiti.- January 29 to February 9, February 20 to 21, October
19. Intermittently US naval forces protected American nationals in a
time of rioting and revolution.
1914 -- Dominican Republic. - June and July. During a revolutionary
movement, United States naval forces by gunfire stopped the
bombardment of Puerto Plata, and by threat of force maintained Santo
Domingo City as a neutral zone.
1914-17 -- Mexico. Tampico Affair & Occupation of Veracruz, Mexico
Undeclared Mexican--American hostilities followed the Dolphin affair
and Villa's raids (See Pancho Villa Expedition) and included capture
of Vera Cruz and later Pershing's expedition into northern Mexico.
1915-34 -- Haiti. - July 28, 1915, to August 15, 1934. United States
occupation of Haiti 1915-1934 US forces maintained order during a
period of chronic political instability.
1916 -- China. American forces landed to quell a riot taking place on
American property in Nanking.
1916-24 -- Dominican Republic. - May 1916 to September 1924.
Occupation of the Dominican Republic American naval forces maintained
order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection.
1917 -- China. American troops were landed at Chungking to protect
American lives during a political crisis.
1917-18 -- World War I. On April 6, 1917, the United States declared
war with Germany and on December 7, 1917, with Austria-Hungary.
Entrance of the United States into the war was precipitated by
Germany's submarine warfare against neutral shipping.
1917-22 -- Cuba. US forces protected American interests during
insurrection and subsequent unsettled conditions. Most of the United
States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies
remained at Camaguey until February 1922.
1918-19 -- Mexico. After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, US
troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in
1918 and six times in 1919. In August 1918 American and Mexican troops
fought at Nogales.
1918-20 -- Panama. US forces were used for police duty according to
treaty stipulations, at Chiriqui, during election disturbances and
subsequent unrest.
1918-20 -- Soviet Union. Polar Bear Expedition Marines were landed at
and near Vladivostok in June and July 1918 based on the U.S.
government claim that there was a need to protect the American
consulate and other points in the fighting between the Bolshevik
troops and the Czech Army which had traversed Siberia from the western
front. A joint proclamation of emergency government and neutrality was
issued by the American, Japanese, British, French, and Czech
occupation commanders in July. In August, 7,000 men were landed in
Vladivostok and remained until January 1920, as part of an allied
force to occupy the Soviet Union. In addition, in September 1918,
5,000 American troops joined the allied invasion force at Archangel,
Russia, and remained until June 1919. These operations were an attempt
to overthrow the Soviet government that had come to power with the
Bolshevik Revolution and were partly supported by Czarist or Kerensky
elements.
1919 -- Dalmatia (Croatia). US forces were landed at Trau at the
request of Italian authorities to police order between the Italians
and Serbs.
1919 -- Turkey. Marines from the USS Arizona were landed to guard the
US Consulate during the Greek occupation of Constantinople.
1919 -- Honduras. - September 8 to 12. A landing force was sent ashore
to maintain order in a neutral zone during an attempted revolution.
[edit] 1920-1929
1920 -- China. - March 14. A landing force was sent ashore for a few
hours to protect lives during a disturbance at Kiukiang.
1920 -- Guatemala. - April 9 to 27. US forces protected the American
Legation and other American interests, such as the cable station,
during a period of fighting between Unionists and the Government of
Guatemala.
1920-22 -- Russia (Siberia). - February 16, 1920, to November 19,
1922. A Marine guard was sent to protect the United States radio
station and property on Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok.
1921 -- Panama - Costa Rica. American naval squadrons demonstrated in
April on both sides of the Isthmus to prevent war between the two
countries over a boundary dispute.
1922 -- Turkey. - September and October. A landing force was sent
ashore with consent of both Greek and Turkish authorities, to protect
American lives and property when the Turkish Nationalists entered
Smyrna.
1922-23 -- China. Between April 1922 and November 1923, marines were
landed five times to protect Americans during periods of unrest.
1924 -- Honduras. - February 28 to March 31, September 10 to 15. US
forces protected American lives and interests during election
hostilities.
1924 -- China. - September. Marines were landed to protect Americans
and other foreigners in Shanghai during Chinese factional hostilities.
1925 -- China. - January 15 to August 29. Fighting of Chinese factions
accompanied by riots and demonstrations in Shanghai brought the
landing of American forces to protect lives and property in the
International Settlement.
1925 -- Honduras. - April 19 to 21. US forces protected foreigners at
La Ceiba during a political upheaval.
1925 -- Panama. - October 12 to 23. Strikes and rent riots led to the
landing of about 600 American troops to keep order and protect
American interests.
1926-33 -- Nicaragua. - May 7 to June 5, 1926; August 27, 1926, to
January 3, 1933. The coup d'etat of General Chamorro aroused
revolutionary activities leading to the landing of American marines to
protect the interests of the United States. United States forces came
and went intermittently until January 3, 1933.
1926 -- China. - August and September. The Nationalist attack on
Hankow brought the landing of American naval forces to protect
American citizens. A small guard was maintained at the consulate
general even after September 16, when the rest of the forces were
withdrawn. Likewise, when Nationalist forces captured Kiukiang, naval
forces were landed for the protection of foreigners November 4 to 6.
1927 -- China. - February. Fighting at Shanghai caused American naval
forces and marines to be increased. In March a naval guard was
stationed at American consulate at Nanking after Nationalist forces
captured the city. American and British destroyers later used shell
fire to protect Americans and other foreigners. Subsequently
additional forces of marines and naval forces were stationed in the
vicinity of Shanghai and Tientsin.
[edit] 1930-1939
1932 -- China. American forces were landed to protect American
interests during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai.
1933 -- Cuba. During a revolution against President Gerardo Machado
naval forces demonstrated but no landing was made.
1934 -- China. Marines landed at Foochow to protect the American
Consulate.
1936 -- Spanish Civil War
[edit] 1940-1945
1940 -- Newfoundland, Bermuda, St. Lucia, - Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua,
Trinidad, and British Guiana. Troops were sent to guard air and naval
bases obtained by negotiation with Great Britain. These were sometimes
called lend-lease bases.
1941 -- Greenland. Greenland was taken under protection of the United
States in April.
1941 -- Netherlands (Dutch Guiana). In November the President ordered
American troops to occupy Dutch Guiana, but by agreement with the
Netherlands government in exile, Brazil cooperated to protect aluminum
ore supply from the bauxite mines in Surinam.
1941 -- Iceland. Iceland was taken under the protection of the United
States, with consent of its government, for strategic reasons.
1941 -- Germany. Sometime in the spring the President ordered the Navy
to patrol ship lanes to Europe. By July US warships were convoying and
by September were attacking German submarines. In November, the
Neutrality Act was partly repealed to protect US military aid to
Britain.
1941-45 -- World War II . On December 8, 1941, the United States
declared war with Japan, on December 11 with Germany and Italy, and on
June 5, 1942, with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. The United States
declared war against Japan after the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor,
and against Germany and Italy after those nations, under the dictators
Hitler and Mussolini, declared war against the United States. The US
declared war against Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania in response to the
declarations of war by those nations against the United States.
1945 -- China. In October 50,000 US Marines were sent to North China
to assist Chinese Nationalist authorities in disarming and
repatriating the Japanese in China and in controlling ports,
railroads, and airfields. This was in addition to approximately 60,000
US forces remaining in China at the end of World War II.
[edit] 1945-1949
1945-49 Occupation of part of Germany.
1945-55 Occupation of part of Austria.
1945-46 Occupation of part of Italy.
1945-52 Occupation of Japan.
1945-46 Temporary reoccupation of the Philippines in preparation for
independence.
1945-49 Occupation of South Korea and defeat of a leftist insurgency.
1945-91 -- Cold War
1946 -- Trieste (Italy). President Truman ordered the increase of US
troops along the zonal occupation line and the reinforcement of air
forces in northern Italy after Yugoslav forces shot down an unarmed US
Army transport plane flying over Venezia Giulia. Earlier US naval
units had been sent to the scene. Later the Free Territory of Trieste,
Zone A.
1945-47 US Marines garrisoned in Mainland China to oversee the removal
of Soviet and Japanese forces after World War II.
1948 -- Palestine. A marine consular guard was sent to Jerusalem to
protect the US Consul General.
1948 -- Berlin. Berlin Airlift After the Soviet Union established a
land blockade of the US, British, and French sectors of Berlin on June
24, 1948, the United States and its allies airlifted supplies to
Berlin until after the blockade was lifted in May 1949.
1948-49 -- China. Marines were dispatched to Nanking to protect the
American Embassy when the city fell to Communist troops, and to
Shanghai to aid in the protection and evacuation of Americans.
[edit] 1950-1959
1950-53 -- Korean War. The United States responded to North Korean
invasion of South Korea by going to its assistance, pursuant to United
Nations Security Council resolutions. US forces deployed in Korea
exceeded 300,000 during the last year of the conflict. Over 36,600 US
military were killed in action.
1950-55 -- Formosa (Taiwan). In June 1950 at the beginning of the
Korean War, President Truman ordered the US Seventh Fleet to prevent
Chinese Communist attacks upon Formosa and Chinese Nationalist
operations against mainland China.
1954 -- The CIA and the U.S. State Department with help from the
United Fruit Company orchestrate the 1954 coup in Guatemala against
the United Fruit Company's major enemy, the democratically elected,
leftwing, populist President Jacobo Arbenz. Colonel Carlos Castillo
Armas takes the helm and becomes the first in a long line of U.S.
supported Guatemalan military rulers.
1954-55 -- China. Naval units evacuated US civilians and military
personnel from the Tachen Islands.
1955-63 US sends military advisers to assist President Ngo Dinh Diem
of South Vietnam. [5]
1956 -- Egypt. A marine battalion evacuated US nationals and other
persons from Alexandria during the Suez crisis.
1958 -- Lebanon. Lebanon crisis of 1958 Marines were landed in Lebanon
at the invitation of President Camille Chamoun to help protect against
threatened insurrection supported from the outside. The President's
action was supported by a Congressional resolution passed in 1957 that
authorized such actions in that area of the world.
[edit] 1960-1969
1959-60 -- The Caribbean. Second Marine Ground Task Force was deployed
to protect US nationals following the Cuban revolution.
1962 -- Thailand. The Third Marine Expeditionary Unit landed on May
17, 1962 to support that country during the threat of Communist
pressure from outside; by July 30, the 5,000 marines had been
withdrawn.
1962 -- Cuba. Cuban Missile Crisis On October 22, President Kennedy
instituted a "quarantine" on the shipment of offensive missiles to
Cuba from the Soviet Union. He also warned Soviet Union that the
launching of any missile from Cuba against nations in the Western
Hemisphere would bring about US nuclear retaliation on the Soviet
Union. A negotiated settlement was achieved in a few days.
1963 -- Iraq. The C.I.A. supports a coup in Iraq against the
democratically-elected Qassim government.[2][3][4][5]
1962-75 -- Laos. From October 1962 until 1975, the United States
played an important role in military support of anti-Communist forces
in Laos.
1964 -- Congo (Zaire). The United States sent four transport planes to
provide airlift for Congolese troops during a rebellion and to
transport Belgian paratroopers to rescue foreigners.
1964 -- Military coup in Brazil; support given by US is provided but
not needed. (See Operation Brother Sam)[6]
1959-75 -- Vietnam War. US military advisers had been in South Vietnam
for a decade, and their numbers had been increased as the military
position of the Saigon government became weaker. After citing what he
termed were attacks on US destroyers in the Tonkin Gulf, President
Johnson asked in August 1964 for a resolution expressing US
determination to support freedom and protect peace in Southeast Asia.
Congress responded with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, expressing support
for "all necessary measures" the President might take to repel armed
attacks against US forces and prevent further aggression. Following
this resolution, and following a Communist attack on a US installation
in central Vietnam, the United States escalated its participation in
the war to a peak of 543,000 military personnel by April 1969.
1965 -- Dominican Republic. Invasion of Dominican Republic The United
States intervened to protect lives and property during a Dominican
revolt and sent 20,000 US troops as fears grew that the revolutionary
forces were coming increasingly under Communist control.
1967 -- Congo (Zaire). The United States sent three military transport
aircraft with crews to provide the Congo central government with
logistical support during a revolt.
1968 -- Capture of USS Pueblo
1968 -- Iraq. The C.I.A. successfully supports coup in Iraq against
the government of Rahman Arif to bring the Ba'ath Party to power, with
Saddam Hussein eventually taking the helm.[2]
1968 -- U.S. starts secret bombing campaign against targets along the
Ho Chi Minh trail in the sovereign nations of Cambodia and Laos. The
bombings last at least two years. (See Operation Commando Hunt)
[edit] 1970-1979
1970 -- Cambodia. US troops were ordered into Cambodia to clean out
Communist sanctuaries from which Viet Cong and North Vietnamese
attacked US and South Vietnamese forces in Vietnam. The object of this
attack, which lasted from April 30 to June 30, was to ensure the
continuing safe withdrawal of American forces from South Vietnam and
to assist the program of Vietnamization.
1971 -- Indian Subcontinent. USA sends its nuclear aircraft carrier
USS Enterprise to the Indian Ocean to try and threaten the Indian
Military to back down from the Bangladesh Liberation War. The move
backfires as India intensifies its attempt to liberate East Pakistan
ending in the swift defeat of Pakistan, an ally of USA. [citation
needed]
1972 -- The CIA funds and helps orchestrate a military coup against
the democratically elected Chilean President Salvador Allende; General
Augusto Pinochet becomes the military dictator until 1990.
1974 -- Evacuation from Cyprus. United States naval forces evacuated
US civilians during hostilities between Turkish and Greek Cypriot
forces.
1975 -- Evacuation from Vietnam. On April 3, 1975, President Ford
reported US naval vessels, helicopters, and Marines had been sent to
assist in evacuation of refugees and US nationals from Vietnam.
1975 -- Evacuation from Cambodia. On April 12, 1975, President Ford
reported that he had ordered US military forces to proceed with the
planned evacuation of US citizens from Cambodia.
1975 -- South Vietnam. On April 30 1975, President Ford reported that
a force of 70 evacuation helicopters and 865 Marines had evacuated
about 1,400 US citizens and 5,500 third country nationals and South
Vietnamese from landing zones near the US Embassy in Saigon and the
Tan Son Nhut Airfield.
1975 -- Cambodia. Mayagüez Incident. On May 15, 1975, President Ford
reported he had ordered military forces to retake the SS Mayaguez, a
merchant vessel which was seized from Cambodian naval patrol boats in
international waters and forced to proceed to a nearby island.
1976 -- Lebanon. On July 22 and 23, 1974, helicopters from five US
naval vessels evacuated approximately 250 Americans and Europeans from
Lebanon during fighting between Lebanese factions after an overland
convoy evacuation had been blocked by hostilities.
1976 -- Korea. Additional forces were sent to Korea after two American
soldiers were killed by North Korean soldiers in the demilitarized
zone between North and South Korea while cutting down a tree.
1978 -- Zaire (Congo). From May 19 through June 1978, the United
States utilized military transport aircraft to provide logistical
support to Belgian and French rescue operations in Zaire.
[edit] 1980-1990
1980 -- Iran. Operation Eagle Claw On April 26, 1980, President Carter
reported the use of six US transport planes and eight helicopters in
an unsuccessful attempt to rescue American hostages being held in
Iran.
1981 -- El Salvador. After a guerrilla offensive against the
government of El Salvador, additional US military advisers were sent
to El Salvador, bringing the total to approximately 55, to assist in
training government forces in counterinsurgency.
1981 --Libya. First Gulf of Sidra Incident On August 19, 1981, US
planes based on the carrier USS Nimitz shot down two Libyan jets over
the Gulf of Sidra after one of the Libyan jets had fired a heat-
seeking missile. The United States periodically held freedom of
navigation exercises in the Gulf of Sidra, claimed by Libya as
territorial waters but considered international waters by the United
States.
1982 -- Sinai. On March 19, 1982, President Reagan reported the
deployment of military personnel and equipment to participate in the
Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai. Participation had been
authorized by the Multinational Force and Observers Resolution, Public
Law 97-132.
1982 -- Lebanon. Multinational Force in Lebanon On August 21, 1982,
President Reagan reported the dispatch of 80 marines to serve in the
multinational force to assist in the withdrawal of members of the
Palestine Liberation force from Beirut. The Marines left September 20,
1982.
1982-1983 -- Lebanon. On September 29, 1982, President Reagan reported
the deployment of 1200 marines to serve in a temporary multinational
force to facilitate the restoration of Lebanese government
sovereignty. On Sept. 29, 1983, Congress passed the Multinational
Force in Lebanon Resolution (P.L. 98-119) authorizing the continued
participation for eighteen months.
1983 -- Egypt. After a Libyan plane bombed a city in Sudan on March
18, 1983, and Sudan and Egypt appealed for assistance, the United
States dispatched an AWACS electronic surveillance plane to Egypt.
1983 -- Grenada. Operation Urgent Fury, Citing an imminent Soviet
threat, the U.S. invades the sovereign island nation of Grenada.
Grenada is defended only by several hundred lightly armed troops and
policemen.
1983-89 -- Honduras. In July 1983 the United States undertook a series
of exercises in Honduras that some believed might lead to conflict
with Nicaragua. On March 25, 1986, unarmed US military helicopters and
crewmen ferried Honduran troops to the Nicaraguan border to repel
Nicaraguan troops.
1983 -- Chad. On August 8, 1983, President Reagan reported the
deployment of two AWACS electronic surveillance planes and eight F-15
fighter planes and ground logistical support forces to assist Chad
against Libyan and rebel forces.
1984 -- Persian Gulf. On June 5, 1984, Saudi Arabian jet fighter
planes, aided by intelligence from a US AWACS electronic surveillance
aircraft and fueled by a U.S. KC-10 tanker, shot down two Iranian
fighter planes over an area of the Persian Gulf proclaimed as a
protected zone for shipping.
1985 -- Italy. On October 10, 1985, US Navy pilots intercepted an
Egyptian airliner and forced it to land in Sicily. The airliner was
carrying the hijackers of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro who
had killed an American citizen during the hijacking.
1986 -- Libya. Libyan Patrol Boats On March 26, 1986, President Reagan
reported on March 24 and 25, US forces, while engaged in freedom of
navigation exercises around the Gulf of Sidra, had been attacked by
Libyan missiles and the United States had responded with missiles.
1986 -- Libya. Operation El Dorado Canyon On April 16, 1986, President
Reagan reported that U.S. air and naval forces had conducted bombing
strikes on terrorist facilities and military installations in the
Libyan capitol of Tripoli, claiming that Colonel Qadhafi, who had
ousted oil-friendly King Idris, was responsible for a bomb attack at a
German disco that killed two U.S. soldiers.
1986 -- Bolivia. U.S. Army personnel and aircraft assisted Bolivia in
anti-drug operations.
1987-88 -- Persian Gulf. After the Iran-Iraq War resulted in several
military incidents in the Persian Gulf, the United States increased US
joint military forces operations in the Persian Gulf and adopted a
policy of reflagging and escorting Kuwaiti oil tankers through the
Gulf. President Reagan reported that US ships had been fired upon or
struck mines or taken other military action on September 23, October
10, and October 20, 1987 and April 19, July 4, and July 14, 1988. The
United States gradually reduced its forces after a cease-fire between
Iran and Iraq on August 20, 1988.
1987-88 -- Operation Earnest Will
1987-88 -- Operation Prime Chance
1988 -- April 18 strikes against Iranian naval and air forces. (See
Operation Praying Mantis)
1988 -- Operation Golden Pheasant
1988 -- USS Vincennes shoot down of Iran Air Flight 655
1988 -- Panama. Operation Just Cause In mid-March and April 1988,
during a period of instability in Panama and as the United States
increased pressure on Panamanian head of state General Manuel Noriega
to resign, the United States sent 1,000 troops to Panama, to "further
safeguard the canal, US lives, property and interests in the area."
The forces supplemented 10,000 US military personnel already in the
Panama Canal Zone.
1989 -- Libya. Second Gulf of Sidra Incident On January 4, 1989, two
US Navy F-14 aircraft based on the USS John F. Kennedy shot down two
Libyan jet fighters over the Mediterranean Sea about 70 miles north of
Libya. The US pilots said the Libyan planes had demonstrated hostile
intentions.
1989 -- Panama. On May 11, 1989, in response to General Noriega's
disregard of the results of the Panamanian election, President Bush
ordered a brigade-sized force of approximately 1,900 troops to augment
the estimated 11,000 U.S. forces already in the area.
1989 -- Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru. Andean Initiative in War on
Drugs. On September 15, 1989, President Bush announced that military
and law enforcement assistance would be sent to help the Andean
nations of Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru combat illicit drug producers
and traffickers. By mid-September there were 50-100 US military
advisers in Colombia in connection with transport and training in the
use of military equipment, plus seven Special Forces teams of 2-12
persons to train troops in the three countries.
1989 -- Philippines. On December 2, 1989, President Bush reported that
on December 1 US fighter planes from Clark Air Base in the Philippines
had assisted the Aquino government to repel a coup attempt. In
addition, 100 marines were sent from the US Navy base at Subic Bay to
protect the US Embassy in Manila.
1989-90 -- Panama. Operation Just Cause On December 21, 1989, the U.S.
invades the sovereign nation of Panama to "further safeguard the
canal, US lives, property and interests in the area." Several thousand
Panamanian civilians are killed. The Panamanian head of state, General
Manuel Noriega, is captured and brought to the U.S. By February 13,
1990, all the invasion forces had been withdrawn.
1990 -- Liberia. On August 6, 1990, President Bush reported that a
reinforced rifle company had been sent to provide additional security
to the US Embassy in Monrovia, and that helicopter teams had evacuated
US citizens from Liberia.
1990 -- Saudi Arabia. On August 9, 1990, President Bush reported that
he had ordered the forward deployment of substantial elements of the
US armed forces into the Persian Gulf region to help defend Saudi
Arabia after the August 2 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. On November 16,
1990, he reported the continued buildup of the forces to ensure an
adequate offensive military option.
[edit] 1991-1999
1991 -- Iraq. Persian Gulf War On January 16 America attacked Iraqi
forces and military targets in Iraq and Kuwait, in conjunction with a
coalition of allies and UN Security Council resolutions. Combat
operations ended on February 28, 1991. (See Operation Desert Shield
and Operation Desert Storm)
1991 -- Iraq. On May 17, 1991, President Bush stated that the Iraqi
repression of the Kurdish people had necessitated a limited
introduction of US forces into northern Iraq for emergency relief
purposes.
1991 -- Zaire. On September 25-27, 1991, after widespread looting and
rioting broke out in Kinshasa, US Air Force C-141s transported 100
Belgian troops and equipment into Kinshasa. US planes also carried 300
French troops into the Central African Republic and hauled evacuated
American citizens.
1991-96 -- Operation Provide Comfort
1992 -- Sierra Leone. On May 3, 1992, US military planes evacuated
Americans from Sierra Leone, where military leaders had overthrown the
government.
1992 -- Kuwait. On August 3, 1992, the United States began a series of
military exercises in Kuwait, following Iraqi refusal to recognize a
new border drawn up by the United Nations and refusal to cooperate
with UN inspection teams.
1992-2003 -- Iraq. Iraqi No-Fly Zones The U.S. together with the
United Kingdom declares and enforces "no fly zones" over the majority
of sovereign Iraqi airspace, prohibiting Iraqi flights in zones in
southern Iraq and northern Iraq, and conducting aerial reconnaissance
and bombings.
1992-95 -- Somalia. "Operation Restore Hope" Somali Civil War On
December 10, 1992, President Bush reported that he had deployed US
armed forces to Somalia in response to a humanitarian crisis and a UN
Security Council Resolution. The operation came to an end on May 4,
1993. US forces continued to participate in the successor United
Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II). (See also Battle of
Mogadishu)
1993-Present -- Bosnia/Yugoslavia/Kosovo.
1993 -- Macedonia. On July 9, 1993, President Clinton reported the
deployment of 350 US soldiers to the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia to participate in the UN Protection Force to help maintain
stability in the area of former Yugoslavia.
1993-95 -- Haiti. Operation Uphold Democracy US ships had begun
embargo against Haiti. Up to 20,000 US military troops were later
deployed to Haiti.
1994 -- Macedonia. On April 19, 1994, President Clinton reported that
the US contingent in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia had
been increased by a reinforced company of 200 personnel.
1995 -- Bosnia. NATO bombing of Bosnian Serbs. (See Operation
Deliberate Force)
1996 -- Liberia. On April 11, 1996, President Clinton reported that on
April 9, 1996 due to the "deterioration of the security situation and
the resulting threat to American citizens" in Liberia he had ordered
US military forces to evacuate from that country "private US citizens
and certain third-country nationals who had taken refuge in the US
Embassy compound...."
1996 -- Central African Republic. On May 23, 1996, President Clinton
reported the deployment of US military personnel to Bangui, Central
African Republic, to conduct the evacuation from that country of
"private US citizens and certain U.S. Government employees," and to
provide "enhanced security for the American Embassy in Bangui."
1997 -- Albania. On March 13, 1997, US military forces were used to
evacuate certain U.S. Government employees and private US citizens
from Tirana, Albania.
1997 -- Congo and Gabon. On March 27, 1997, President Clinton reported
on March 25, 1997, a standby evacuation force of US military personnel
had been deployed to Congo and Gabon to provide enhanced security and
to be available for any necessary evacuation operation.
1997 -- Sierra Leone. On May 29 and May 30, 1997, US military
personnel were deployed to Freetown, Sierra Leone, to prepare for and
undertake the evacuation of certain US government employees and
private US citizens.
1997 -- Cambodia. On July 11, 1997, In an effort to ensure the
security of American citizens in Cambodia during a period of domestic
conflict there, a Task Force of about 550 US military personnel were
deployed at Utapao Air Base in Thailand for possible evacuations.
1998 -- Iraq. US-led bombing campaign against Iraq. (See Operation
Desert Fox)
1998 -- Guinea-Bissau. On June 10, 1998, in response to an army mutiny
in Guinea-Bissau endangering the US Embassy, President Clinton
deployed a standby evacuation force of US military personnel to Dakar,
Senegal, to evacuate from the city of Bissau.
1998 - 1999 Kenya and Tanzania. US military personnel were deployed to
Nairobi, Kenya, to coordinate the medical and disaster assistance
related to the bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.
1998 -- Afghanistan and Sudan. Operation Infinite Reach On August
20th, air strikes were used against two suspected terrorist training
camps in Afghanistan and a suspected chemical factory in Sudan.
1998 -- Liberia. On September 27, 1998 America deployed a stand-by
response and evacuation force of 30 US military personnel to increase
the security force at the US Embassy in Monrovia.
1999 - 2001 East Timor. East Timor Independence Limited number of US
military forces deployed with UN to restore peace to East Timor.
1999 -- NATO's bombing of Serbia in the Kosovo Conflict. (See
Operation Allied Force)
[edit] 2000- present
2000 -- Sierra Leone. On May 12, 2000, President Clinton reported that
he had ordered a US Navy patrol craft to deploy to Sierra Leone to be
ready to support evacuation operations from that country if needed
2000 -- Yemen. On October 14, 2000, President Clinton reported that on
October 12, 2000, in the wake of an attack on the USS Cole in the port
of Aden, Yemen, he had authorized deployment of military personnel to
Aden.
2001 -- Afghanistan. US invasion of Afghanistan. The War on Terrorism
begins with Operation Enduring Freedom. On October 7, 2001, US Armed
Forces "began combat action in Afghanistan against Al Qaida terrorists
and their Taliban supporters."
2002 -- Yemen. On November 3, 2002, an American RQ-1 Predator fired a
Hellfire missile at a car in Yemen killing Qaed Senyan al-Harthi, an
al-Qaeda leader thought to be responsible for the USS Cole bombing.
2002 -- Philippines. At the Philippine Government's invitation, the
President had ordered deployed "combat-equipped and combat support
forces to train with, advise, and assist" the Philippines' Armed
Forces in enhancing their "existing counterterrorist capabilities."
2002 -- Cote d'Ivoire. On September 25, 2002, in response to a
rebellion in Cote d'Ivoire, US military personnel went into Cote
d'Ivoire to assist in the evacuation of American citizens Bouake.
2003 -- 2003 invasion of Iraq Second Persian Gulf War. March 20, 2003.
The United States leads a coalition that includes Britain, to invade
Iraq with the stated goal of eliminating Iraqi weapons of mass
destruction. By May 1, 2003, President Bush declares "mission
accomplished." Occupation of Iraq by foreign military forces
continues.
2003 -- Liberia. Second Liberian Civil War On June 9, 2003, President
Bush reported that on June 8 he had sent about 35 combat-equipped US
military personnel into Monrovia, Liberia, to help secure the US
Embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania, and to aid in any necessary
evacuation from either Liberia or Mauritania.
2003 --Georgia and Djibouti "US combat equipped and support forces"
had been deployed to Georgia and Djibouti to help in enhancing their
"counterterrorist capabilities."
2004 -- 2004 Haïti rebellion occurs. US-affiliated rebel leaders gain
control of Haiti, ousting the government of populist priest Jean-
Bertrand Aristide. Supporters of Aristide claim U.S. involvement in
the coup d'état. The U.S. denies involvement in the coup, but deploys
marines to protect Aristide and transport him safely to the Central
African Republic. Aristide claims to have been kidnapped, a charge the
U.S. also denies.
2004 -- Terrorism: US "anti-terror" related activities were underway
in Georgia, Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Eritrea.
2006 -- Pakistan. 17 people including known Al Qaeda bomb maker and
chemical weapons expert Midhat Mursi, were killed in an American RQ-1
Predator airstrike on Damadola (Pakistan), near the Afghan border.
2006 -- Lebanon. US Marine Detachment begins evacuation of US citizens
willing to the leave the country in the face of a likely ground
invasion by Israel and continued fighting between Hezbollah and the
Israeli military.
2007 -- Somalia. Battle of Ras Kamboni. On January 8, 2007, while the
conflict between the Islamic Courts Union and the Transitional Federal
Government continues, an AC-130 gunship conducts an aerial strike on a
suspected Al-Qaeda operative, along with other Islamist fighters, on
Badmadow Island near Ras Kamboni in southern Somalia. As of January
9th, information regarding the success of the mission has not been
released and some unconfirmed reports state that a subsequent
helicopter attack killed 31 civilians.
[edit] Other interventions
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into
Foreign relations of the United States. (Discuss)
In addition to the operations listed above, the US has a very active
foreign policy that uses various methods to influence events in other
countries. These methods include
Weapons sales
Military advice and training (e.g. through the School of the
Americas)
International loans
Economic sanctions
Development aid
Foreign broadcasting (e.g. Voice of America)
Grants to non-governmental organizations (e.g. the National Endowment
for Democracy)
Support of separatist groups
Support of anti-government press
The International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the United Nations,
NATO, and other international bodies have also been called agents of
US foreign intervention, although the US by itself does not set the
policies of these institutions unilaterally. [6]
This section overlaps with other sections; it should be combined with
the rest of the article.
Please post any comments on this issue on the talk page.
The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States.
(See e.g. Wikipedia:Summary style.)
[edit] American Indian battles
See also: Indian Wars, Indian massacres
Frontier warfare during the American Revolution, which included:
Battle of Oriskany (1777)
Wyoming Valley Massacre (1778)
Cherry Valley Massacre (1778)
Sullivan Expedition (1779)
Battle of Blue Licks (1782)
Northwest Indian War (1785–1795)
Nickajack Expedition (1794)
Sabine Expedition (1806)
War of 1812 (western theatre), which included:
Tecumseh's War (1811-1813)
Peoria War (1813)
Creek War (1813–1814)
Seminole Wars (1812, 1817–1818, 1835–1842, 1855–1858)
Arikara War (1823)
Fever River War (1827)
Le Fèvre Indian War (1827)
Black Hawk War (1832)
Pawnee Indian Territory Campaign (1834)
Creek War of 1836, aka Second Creek War or Creek Alabama Uprising
(1835-1837)
Missouri-Iowa Border War (1836)
Southwestern Frontier (Sabine) disturbances (no fighting) (1836–1837)
Cherokee Uprising (1836-1838)
Osage Indian War (1837)
Cayuse War (1848–1855)
Navajo Wars (1849–1861)
Long Walk of the Navajo (1863–1868)
Southwest Indian Wars (1849-1863)
Pitt River Expedition (1850)
Mariposa War (1850–1851)
Yuma Expedition (1851–1852)
Utah Indian Wars (1851-1853)
Walker War (1853)
Grattan Massacre (1855)
Yakima War (1855)
Snake River War (1855)
Klickitat War (1855)
Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
Klamath and Salmon Indian Wars (1855)
Tintic War (1856)
Gila Expedition (1857)
Mendocino War (1858)
Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War (1858)
Pecos Expedition (1859)
Antelope Hills Expedition (1859)
Bear River Expedition (1859)
Paiute War (1860)
Kiowa-Comanche War (1860)
Cheyenne Campaign (1861–1864)
Sioux Uprising (1862)
Colorado War (1863–1865)
Kidder Massacre (1867) {See 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment-External
Link}
Snake War (1864–1868)
Utah's Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
Comanche Wars (1867–1875)
Battle of Washita River (1868)
Marias Massacre (1870)
Modoc War (1872–1873)
Red River War (1874)
Apache Wars (1873, 1885–1886)
Eastern Navada Expedition (1875)
Black Hills War (1876–1877)
Nez Perce War (1877)
Bannock War (1878)
Cheyenne War (1878–1879)
Sheepeater Indian War (1879)
White River War (1879)
Ute War (1879-1880)
Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
Battle of Leech Lake {1898)
New Mexico Navajo War (1913)
Colorado Paiute War (1915)
AIM Takeovers (~1969–~1974)
[edit] Relocation
Indian Removal (1830s)
Trail of Tears (1835-1838)
WWII-Era Japanese American Internment (1942–1946)
[edit] Armed insurrections and slave revolts
See also: Slave rebellion, Tax revolt
Gloucester County, Virginia Slave Rebellion (1663)
Bacon's Rebellion (1676)
Leisler's Rebellion (1689-91)
Stono Rebellion (1739)
Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1766)
Black Boys Rebellion (1765, 1769)
War of the Regulation (1764-1771)
Pine Tree Riot (1771-2)
Boston Tea Party (1773)
Burning of the Peggy Stewart (1774)
American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Shays' Rebellion (1786)
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
John Fries' Rebellion (1799-1800)
Gabriel's Rebellion (1800)
Malta War (1808–1809)
Louisiana Territory Slave Rebellion (1811)
Fort Blount Revolt (1816)
Denmark Vesey's Uprising (1822)
Nat Turner's slave rebellion (1831)
Republic of Indian Stream (1832-1835)
Buckshot War (~1837–~1838)
Patriot War (1837–1838)
Amistad Seizure (1839)
Anti-Rent War (1839–~1844)
Creole Incident (1841)
Dorr Rebellion (1841–1842)
Taos Revolt (1847)
Utah War (1857-8)
John Brown's Raid on Federal Armory at Harper's Ferry (1859)
American Civil War (1861-1865)
Salinero Revolt (1877)
Green Corn Rebellion Oklahoma (1917)
Jayuya Uprising - Puerto Rico (1950)
Wounded Knee Wounded Knee, SD (1973)
[edit] Range wars
See also: Range war
Franklin County War (Idaho, 1866–1872)
Mason County War (Texas, 1874–1877)
Colfax County War (New Mexico, 1875)
Lincoln County War (New Mexico, 1877–1878)
Johnson County War (Wyoming, 1892)
Pleasant Valley War (Arizona, 1886)
Sheep Wars (Texas-New Mexico borderlands, ~1879–1900)
Posey War (Utah, 1923)
[edit] Bloodless boundary disputes
Toledo War (1835, Michigan Territory-Ohio)
Aroostook War (1838–1839, U.S.-Britain)
Honey War (1839, Iowa Territory-Missouri)
Oregon boundary dispute (1844–1846, U.S.-Britain)
Pig War (1859, U.S.-Britain)
Chamizal Dispute (1895–1963, U.S.-Mexico)
Alaska Boundary Dispute (1907, U.S.-Canada)
Red River Bridge War (1932, Oklahoma-Texas)
[edit] Terror, paramilitary groups and guerrilla warfare
[edit] 18th & 19th century
Francis Marion (1780–1782)
Bleeding Kansas (1854–1860)
Wakarusa War (1855)
Cortina Troubles (1859–1861)
Kansas Jayhawkers (1861–1863)
Quantrill's Raiders (1861–1863)
Red-Shirts Hamburg Massacre {1876)
Ku Klux Klan (1877–present)
Knights of the White Camelia
White League (1874–)
Coushatta Massacre (1874)
Colfax Riot (1874)
[edit] 20th & 21st century
Black Patch Tobacco Wars (1904-1914?)
Mass racial violence in the United States (1917; 1919; 1921; 1943;
1965; 1967)
Wall Street bombing (1920)
Capitol Attack (1954)
Weathermen (1969–1976)
Symbionese Liberation Army (1970s)
U.S. Embassy Bombing (1983)
Marine Barracks Bombing (1983)
World Trade Center bombing (1993)
Oklahoma City bombing (1995)
U.S. Embassy Bombings (1998)
USS Cole Bombing (2000)
September 11, 2001 attacks (2001)
Puerto Rico counter guerrilla training operations (since 1950s)
[edit] Labor-management disputes
Further information: Timeline of labor issues and events and List of
strikes
Great Railroad Strike (1877)
Homestead Strike (1892)
Pullman Strike (1894)
[edit] State and national secession attempts
Further information: List of extinct states and Unrecognized historic
regions of the United States
Westsylvania (1776)
Green Mountain Boys (1777–1791)
State of Franklin (1784 - 1790)
Republic of West Florida (1810)
Republic of Indian Stream (1832–1842)
Free City of Tri-Insula (1861)
Confederate States of America (1861–1865)
State of Jefferson (1941)
Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket secession attempt (1977)
Conch Republic (1982)
[edit] Covert operations, coups, military advisers etc.
Main article: CIA sponsored regime change
Due to the secretive nature of certain covert interventions, certain
cases are a matter of dispute.
[edit] 1890s
Baltimore Crisis (Chile, 1891)
Hawaiian Coup (Hawaii, 1893)
[edit] 1940s
1942 CIA and British MI6 put the Shah on the Iranian throne.
Greek Civil War (1946-1949)
1949 CIA helps overthrow the democratically elected government of
Syria, which brings in the dictatorship of Husni al-Za'im
[edit] 1950s
1953 Operation Ajax: CIA and British MI6 successfully orchestrate the
removal of democratically-elected Iranian prime minister Mohammed
Mossadegh, and installs the Shah as dictator.[7] [8]
1954 Operation PBSUCCESS: CIA-orchestrated overthrow of elected
president Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán in Guatemala.
[edit] 1960s
1961 CIA involvement in the assassination of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo,
ruler of the Dominican Republic. [9] [10] [11]
1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion: US-sponsored failed invasion of Cuba.
1961 - 1962 CIA and Department of Defense covert plans and operations
against Fidel Castro.
The Cuban Project
Operation Mongoose
Operation Northwoods
1962-74 Secret War in Laos.
1963 US backs coup against South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in
1963.[12]
1964 Brazilian Military Coup
1963-64 CIA involvement in riots and violence in Guyana in order to
undermine the Marxist People's Progressive Party and its leader,
Cheddi Jagan.
United States intervention in Chile
1967 CIA-organized military operation ends in capture and execution of
Che Guevara by the Bolivian Army.
1960s–1970s Operation Condor, Latin America
[edit] 1970s
1970 Project FUBELT: US supported unsuccessful coup against Salvador
Allende
1973 Chilean coup of 1973 [7]
1976 Argentine Military Coup
1979 - 1989 CIA support for the Contras. (See Iran-Contra Affair)
resolution[13]
[edit] 1980s
1980 Operation Eagle Claw: Attempt to rescue hostages held by Iran
fails.
Contras (Nicaragua, 1980s)
1981 US sends military advisors to El Salvador.[14]
1987-88 Operation Earnest Will: Escort of reflagged Kuwaiti oil
tankers in the Persian Gulf.
1987-88 Operation Prime Chance: Covert anti-Iranian operations in the
Persian Gulf.
1979–1989 Mujahideen vs. USSR in Afghanistan
[edit] 1990s
Pentagon-contracted advisors to Croatia prior to Operation Storm
(1994)
[edit] 2000s
Damadola airstrike (Pakistan) (2006)
[edit] Alleged interventions
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality
standards.
Please discuss this issue on the talk page or replace this tag with a
more specific message.
This article has been tagged since July 2006.
The following list cites foreign interventions taken by the United
States since 1945 which have been claimed, but not necessarily proven.
1961-63 -- Ecuador. Ecuadorian President José María Velasco Ibarra was
overthrown by a military coup in 1961 and replaced with his vice-
president Carlos Julio Arosemana, who in turn was overthrown in 1963
and replaced by a more consistently anti-Communist military junta.
Philip Agee has alleged CIA involvement in both coups. [15][16]
1967 -- Greece. CIA-backed military coup ushers in Regime of the
Colonels in Greece.
1982-83 --Guatemala. Support for military dictator Efraín Ríos Montt
in Guatemala {1982-1983.} CIA support for the coup that brought him
into power.
1960s-1970s -- Italy. CIA support for Operation Gladio, a false flag
terrorist campaign against civilian targets in Italy perpetrated by
units controlled by Italian military intelligence and blamed on
Italian far left groups. See Prime Minister Aldo Moro.
1979-84 -- Yemen. American intervention in civil war.
1987 --Fiji. Support to coup against Timoci Bavadra, democratically-
elected Prime Minister.
1990-91 -- Bulgaria, Albania Corruption of elections in Bulgaria in
1990 and in Albania in 1991.
1991 -- Haiti. U.S. Support for ousting Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
2002 -- Venezuela. CIA-backed abortive coup against democratically-
elected President Hugo Chávez.
2004 -- Haiti. U.S. Support for ousting of Haitian President Jean-
Bertrand Aristide. (See: 2004 Haiti rebellion) The U.S. government
also threatened action against Jamaica in the event that Jamaica were
to provide residence to Aristide.
2004 -- El Salvador. Interference in Salvadoran presidential election.
US threatened to take reprisals if the country would elect the
socialist candidate Schafik Handal.
2004 -- Equatorial Guinea. Support (along with Spain and Britain) for
a failed coup plot against Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo.
[edit] Miscellaneous
Yankee-Pennamite Wars (1769–1784)
Oconee War (1784)
Burr conspiracy (~1804–~1807)
Chesapeake Affair (1807)
Little Belt Affair (1811)
Railroad War (1853–1855)
Hatfields and McCoys (1860–1891)
Sinking of the General Sherman (1866)
Fenian Invasion of Canada (1866)
Brooks-Baxter War (1873)
Virginius Affair (1873)
Canal Zone Riots (1964)
Israeli Attack on USS Liberty (1967)
Kent State Shootings (1970)
War on Drugs (~1972—)
Iran Hostage Crisis (1979–1981)
Iraqi Attack on USS Stark (1987)
USBATF Raid on Branch Davidians (1993)
[edit] Latter-Day Saints
Mormon War (1838)
Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857)
[edit] Republic of Texas
Texas Revolution (1835–1836)
Texas Santa Fe Expedition (1841)
[edit] Notes
^ Congressional Research Service report RL30172[http://a43.ac-
images.myspacecdn.com/images01/10/
l_dab10a36755263c19473a25a88edf732.jpg]. Retrieved on 2006-07-15.
^ a b (March 14 2003) "A Tyrant 40 Years in the Making". New York
Times.
^ (1978) The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of
Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
^ Sluglett, Peter and Marion (1990). Iraq Since 1958. London: I.B.
Taurus.
^ Regarding the CIA's "Health Alteration Committee's work in Iraq, see
U.S. Senate's Church Committee Interim Report on Assassination, page
181, Note 1.
^ (January 21, 1977) "Castelo Branco and the CIA's war games". Brazil
Latin America Political Report 3: 19. The day before the coup, the CIA
sent a message to Washington saying: 'President Goulart will be
removed, and quickly . . . oil is a problem, the communists have the
control of ports and railways but not of the roads . . . the democrats
will be dependent on the port of Vitoria, which they can control, to
get oil'. It was thus that 'Operation Brother Sam' was thrown into
action to provide logistical support. A navy task force was sent to
the Brazilian coast, consisting of one aircraft carrier, six
destroyers, one helicopter carrier and four oil tankers. Beside the
oil, a hundred tons of arms and ammunition were also to be provided;
See also: João Goulart#The Military Overthrow of Goulart
^ Secretary of State Colin L. Powell Interview On Black Entertainment
Television's Youth Town Hall. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on
2006-07-15.
Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the
Military Coup, September 11, 1973. National Security Archive.
Retrieved on 2006-07-15.
CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression Report to Congress
Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile. National Security Archive.
Retrieved on 2006-07-15.
New Transcripts Point to US Role in Chile Coup. Reuters. Retrieved on
2006-07-15.
The Kissinger Telcons National Security Archive Electronic Briefing
Book No. 123. National Security Archive. Retrieved on 2006-07-15.
'Wonderful World' Montage Moore slams past American policy; blames
U.S. for murder throughout history. bowlingfortruth.com. Retrieved on
2006-07-15.
Documents reveal U.S. funding for Chile coup. CNN.com. Retrieved on
2006-07-15.
[edit] See also
American empire
American foreign policy
Awards and decorations of the United States military
Department of Defense
History of United States overseas expansion
List of riots
List of strikes
List of massacres
List of military and non-military operations and projects
List of U.S. military leaders by rank
Military history of the United States
Militia
United States Armed Forces
Allegations of state terrorism by United States of America
United States casualties of war
[edit] External links
Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798-1993 by Ellen C.
Collier, Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs and
National Defense Division
United States Military Campaigns, Conflicts, Expeditions and Wars
Compiled by Larry Van Horn, U.S. Navy Retired
Conversations with History: Militarism and the American Empire - With
Chalmers Johnson, President of the Japan Policy Research Institute -
RealVideo format.
Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798-1993 by Ellen C.
Collier, Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs and
National Defense Division
United States Military Campaigns, Conflicts, Expeditions and Wars
Compiled by Larry Van Horn, U.S. Navy Retired
US interventions in Latin America
US Military Interventions Since 1890: From Wounded Knee to Iraq -
compiled by Geographer Zoltan Grossman
When foreign intervention is justified: Women under the Taliban
A Hemisphere of Our Own: U.S. Foreign Policy in Central America - 2
Hours Talk Given by Noam Chomsky at UC Berkeley in 1984 - RealAudio
format.
Congressional Research Service report RL30172: Hundreds of instances
of the employment of U.S. military forces abroad
[edit] Further reading
Ward Churchill On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the
Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality ISBN
1-902593-79-0, AK Press, 2003
Bill Yenne Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West ISBN
1-59416-016-3, Westholme, 2005
Conflicts involving the United States v·d·e
International conflicts: Sixty Years' War | Boxer Rebellion | World
War I | Russian Civil War | World War II | Cold War | Korean War |
Gulf War | Operation Restore Hope | Bosnian War | Kosovo War | War on
Terrorism
External conflicts: Quasi-War | First Barbary War | War of 1812 |
Second Barbary War | Mexican-American War | Spanish-American War |
Philippine-American War | Banana Wars | Occupation of Haiti | Vietnam
War | Invasion of Grenada | Invasion of Panama | Invasion of
Afghanistan | Iraq War
Internal conflicts: Indian Wars | Revolutionary War | Shays' Rebellion
| Whiskey Rebellion | Malta War | Seminole Wars | Toledo War | Mormon
War | Honey Lands | Bleeding Kansas | Utah War | Civil War | Brooks-
Baxter War
Other conflicts: Aroostook War | Pig War | Red River Bridge War |
Conch Republic
Related articles: List of American wars | List of United States
military history events | Overseas expansion of the United States
Extraterritorial and major domestic deployments
[edit] 1775-1800
1775-83 American Revolutionary War
1798-1800 -- Undeclared Naval War with France (Quasi-War). This
contest included land actions, such as that in the Dominican Republic,
city of Puerto Plata, where U.S. Marines captured a French privateer
under the guns of the forts. Congress authorized military action
through a series of statutes.
[edit] 1800-1809
1801-05 -- Tripoli. The First Barbary War included the USS George
Washington and USS Philadelphia affairs and the Eaton expedition,
during which a few marines landed with United States Agent William
Eaton to raise a force against Tripoli in an effort to free the crew
of the Philadelphia from the Barbary pirates. Tripoli declared war but
not the United States, although Congress authorized US military action
by statute.
1806 -- Mexico (Spanish territory). Captain Zebulon M. Pike, with a
platoon of troops, invaded Spanish territory at the headwaters of the
Rio Grande on orders from General James Wilkinson. He was made
prisoner without resistance at a fort he constructed in present day
Colorado, taken to Mexico, and later released after seizure of his
papers.
1806-10 -- Gulf of Mexico. American gunboats operated from New Orleans
against Spanish and French privateers off the Mississippi Delta,
chiefly under Captain John Shaw and Master Commandant David Porter.
[edit] 1810-1819
1810 -- West Florida (Spanish territory). Governor William C.C.
Claiborne of Louisiana, on orders of the President, occupied with
troops territory in dispute east of the Mississippi as far as the
Pearl River, later the eastern boundary of Louisiana. He was
authorized to seize as far east as the Perdido River.
1812 – Amelia Island and other parts of east Florida, then under
Spain. Temporary possession was authorized by President James Madison
and by Congress, to prevent occupation by any other power; but
possession was obtained by General George Mathews in so irregular a
manner that his measures were disavowed by the President.
1812-15 – War of 1812. On June 18, 1812, the United States declared
war against the United Kingdom. Among the issues leading to the war
were British interception of neutral ships and blockades of the United
States during British hostilities with France.
1813 -- West Florida (Spanish territory). On authority given by
Congress, General Wilkinson seized Mobile Bay in April with 600
soldiers. A small Spanish garrison gave way. Thus U.S. troops advanced
into disputed territory to the Perdido River, as projected in 1810. No
fighting.
1813-14 – Marquesas Islands. (French Polynesia) US forces built a fort
on the island of Nukahiva to protect three prize ships which had been
captured from the British.
1814 -- Spanish Florida. General Andrew Jackson took Pensacola and
drove out the British forces.
1814-25 -- Caribbean. Engagements between pirates and American ships
or squadrons took place repeatedly especially ashore and offshore
about Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Yucatan. Three thousand
pirate attacks on merchantmen were reported between 1815 and 1823. In
1822, Commodore James Biddle employed a squadron of two frigates, four
sloops of war, two brigs, four schooners, and two gunboats in the West
Indies.
1815 -- Algiers. The second Barbary War was declared against the
United States by the Dey of Algiers of the Barbary states, an act not
reciprocated by the United States. Congress did authorize a military
expedition by statutes. A large fleet under Captain Stephen Decatur
attacked Algiers and obtained indemnities.
1815 -- Tripoli. After securing an agreement from Algiers, Captain
Decatur demonstrated with his squadron at Tunis and Tripoli, where he
secured indemnities for offenses during the War of 1812.
1816 -- Spanish Florida. United States forces destroyed Negro Fort,
which harbored fugitive slaves making raids across the Georgia border.
1816-18 -- Spanish Florida - First Seminole War. The Seminole Indians,
whose area was a haven for escaped slaves and border ruffians, were
attacked by troops under General Jackson and General Edmond P. Gaines
and pursued into northern Florida. Spanish posts were attacked and
occupied, British citizens executed. In 1819 the Floridas were ceded
to the United States.
1817 – Amelia Island(Spanish territory off Florida). Under orders of
President James Monroe, United States forces landed and expelled a
group of smugglers, adventurers, and freebooters.
1818 -- Oregon. The USS Ontario dispatched from Washington, which made
a landing at the mouth of the Columbia River to assert US claims.
Spain and Russia had conceded sovereignty to the area but the British
Empire had a parallel claim. Subsequent to this confrontation the two
powers agreed to a joint occupancy of the region, which was finally
resolved with the Oregon Treaty of 1846.
[edit] 1820-1829
1820-23 -- Africa. Naval units raided the slave traffic pursuant to
the 1819 act of Congress. [1]
1822 -- Cuba. United States naval forces suppressing piracy landed on
the northwest coast of Cuba and burned a pirate station.
1823 -- Cuba. Brief landings in pursuit of pirates occurred April 8
near Escondido; April 16 near Cayo Blanco; July 11 at Siquapa Bay;
July 21 at Cape Cruz; and October 23 at Camrioca.
1824 -- Cuba. In October the USS Porpoise landed bluejackets near
Matanzas in pursuit of pirates. This was during the cruise authorized
in 1822.
1824 -- Puerto Rico (Spanish territory). Commodore David Porter with a
landing party attacked the town of Fajardo which had sheltered pirates
and insulted American naval officers. He landed with 200 men in
November and forced an apology. Commodore Porter was later court-
martialed for overstepping his powers.
1825 -- Cuba. In March cooperating American and British forces landed
at Sagua La Grande to capture pirates.
1827 -- Greece. In October and November landing parties hunted pirates
on the Mediterranean islands of Argenteire, Miconi, and Androse.
[edit] 1830-1839
1831-32 – Falkland Islands. Captain Duncan of the USS Lexington
investigated the capture of three American sealing vessels and sought
to protect American interests.
1832 – Sumatra. (Indonesia) - February 6 to 9. A naval force landed
and stormed a fort to punish natives of the town of Quallah Battoo for
plundering the American ship Friendship.
1833 -- Argentina. - October 31 to November 15. A force was sent
ashore at Buenos Aires to protect the interests of the United States
and other countries during an insurrection.
1835-36 -- Peru. - December 10, 1835, to January 24, 1836, and August
31 to December 7, 1836. Marines protected American interests in Callao
and Lima during an attempted revolution.
1836 -- Mexico. General Gaines occupied Nacogdoches (Texas), disputed
territory, from July to December during the Texan war for
independence, under orders to cross the "imaginary boundary line" if
an Indian outbreak threatened.
1838 - The Caroline Affair on Navy Island, Canada. After the failure
of the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 favoring Canadian democracy and
independence from the British Empire; William Lyon Mackenzie and his
rebels fled to Navy Island where they declared the Republic of Canada.
American sympathizers sent supplies on the S.S. Caroline, which was
intercepted by the British and set ablaze, creating an incident.
1838-39 – Sumatra (Indonesia). - December 24, 1838, to January 4,
1839. A naval force landed to punish natives of the towns of Quallah
Battoo and Muckie (Mukki) for depredations on American shipping.
[edit] 1840-1849
1840 -- Fiji Islands. - July. Naval forces landed to punish natives
for attacking American exploring and surveying parties.
1841 -- Drummond Island, Kingsmill Group (Pacific Ocean). A naval
party landed to avenge the murder of a seaman by the natives.
1841 – Samoa. - February 24. A naval party landed and burned towns
after the murder of an American seaman on Upolu Island.
1842 -- Mexico. Commodore T.A.C. Jones, in command of a squadron long
cruising off California, occupied Monterey, Calif., on October 19,
believing war had come. He discovered peace, withdrew, and saluted. A
similar incident occurred a week later at San Diego.
1843 -- China. Sailors and marines from the St. Louis were landed
after a clash between Americans and Chinese at the trading post in
Canton.
1843 -- Africa. - November 29 to December 16. Four United States
vessels demonstrated and landed various parties (one of 200 marines
and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory
Coast, and to punish attacks by the natives on American seamen and
shipping.
1844 -- Mexico. President Tyler deployed US forces to protect Texas
against Mexico, pending Senate approval of a treaty of annexation.
(Later rejected.) He defended his action against a Senate resolution
of inquiry.
1846 -- Bear Flag Revolt.
1846-48 -- Mexican-American War After the annexation of Texas in 1845,
the United States and Mexico failed to resolve a boundary dispute and
President Polk said that it was necessary to deploy forces in Mexico
to meet a threatened invasion. On May 13,1846, declared war with
Mexico.
1849 – Smyrna (Izmir, Turkey). In July a naval force gained release of
an American seized by Austrian officials.
[edit] 1850-1859
1851 -- Turkey. After a massacre of foreigners (including Americans)
at Jaffa in January, a demonstration by the Mediterranean Squadron was
ordered along the Turkish (Levant) coast.
1851 -- Johanns Island (east of Africa). - August. Forces from the US
sloop of war Dale exacted redress for the unlawful imprisonment of the
captain of an American whaling brig.
1852-53 -- Argentina. - February 3 to 12, 1852; September 17, 1852 to
April 1853. Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos Aires to
protect American interests during a revolution.
1853 -- Nicaragua. - March 11 to 13. US forces landed to protect
American lives and interests during political disturbances.
1853-54 -- Japan. Commodore Matthew Perry and his expedition made a
display of force leading to the "opening of Japan."
1853-54 -- Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands (Japan). Commodore Matthew Perry
on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting for a reply
from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and
secured a coaling concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa; he
also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands with the purpose of securing
facilities for commerce.
1854 -- China. - April 4 to June 15 to 17. American and English ships
landed forces to protect American interests in and near Shanghai
during Chinese civil strife.
1854-58 -- Nicaragua Naval Battles
1854 -- Nicaragua. - July 9 to 15. Naval forces bombarded and burned
San Juan del Norte (Greytown) to avenge an insult to the American
Minister to Nicaragua.
1855 -- China. - May 19 to 21. US forces protected American interests
in Shanghai and, from August 3 to 5 fought pirates near Hong Kong.
1855 -- Fiji Islands. - September 12 to November 4. An American naval
force landed to seek reparations for attacks on American residents and
seamen.
1855 -- Uruguay. - November 25 to 29. United States and European naval
forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted
revolution in Montevideo.
1856 -- Panama, Republic of New Grenada. - September 19 to 22. US
forces landed to protect American interests during an insurrection.
1856 -- China. - October 22 to December 6. US forces landed to protect
American interests at Canton during hostilities between the British
and the Chinese, and to avenge an assault upon an unarmed boat
displaying the United States flag.
1857-58 -- Utah War.
1857 -- Nicaragua. - April to May, November to December. In May
Commander Charles H. Davis of the United States Navy, with some
marines, received the surrender of William Walker, self proclaimed
president of Nicaragua, who was losing control of the country to
forces financed by his former business partner, Cornelius Vanderbilt,
and protected his men from the retaliation of native allies who had
been fighting Walker. In November and December of the same year United
States vessels USS Saratoga, USS Wabash, and Fulton opposed another
attempt of William Walker on Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram Paulding's act
of landing marines and compelling the removal of Walker to the United
States, was tacitly disavowed by Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and
Paulding was forced into retirement.
1858 -- Uruguay. - January 2 to 27. Forces from two United States
warships landed to protect American property during a revolution in
Montevideo.
1858 -- Fiji Islands. - October 6 to 16. A marine expedition with the
USS Vandalia enacted revenge on natives for the murder of two American
citizens at Waya. [2] [3]
1858-59 -- Turkey. The Secretary of State requested a display of naval
force along the Levant after a massacre of Americans at Jaffa and
mistreatment elsewhere "to remind the authorities (of Turkey) of the
power of the United States."
1859 -- Paraguay. Congress authorized a naval squadron to seek redress
for an attack on a naval vessel in the Parana River during 1855.
Apologies were made after a large display of force.
1859 -- Mexico. Two hundred United States soldiers crossed the Rio
Grande in pursuit of the Mexican bandit Juan Cortina.[4]
1859 -- China. - July 31 to August 2. A naval force landed to protect
American interests in Shanghai.
[edit] 1860-1869
1860 -- Angola, Portuguese West Africa. - March 1. American residents
at Kissembo called upon American and British ships to protect lives
and property during problems with natives.
1860 -- Colombia, Bay of Panama. - September 27 to October 8. Naval
forces landed to protect American interests during a revolution.
1861-65 -- American Civil War
1863 -- Japan. - July 16. The USS Wyoming retaliated against a firing
on the American vessel Pembroke at Shimonoseki.
1864 -- Japan.- July 14 to August 3. Naval forces protected the United
States Minister to Japan when he visited Yedo to negotiate concerning
some American claims against Japan, and to make his negotiations
easier by impressing the Japanese with American power.
1864 -- Japan. - September 4 to 14. Naval forces of the United States,
Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands compelled Japan and the
Prince of Nagato in particular to permit the Straits of Shimonoseki to
be used by foreign shipping in accordance with treaties already
signed.
1865-77 -- Post Civil War Reconstruction
1865 -- Panama. - March 9 and 10. US forces protected the lives and
property of American residents during a revolution.
1866 -- Mexico. To protect American residents, General Sedgwick and
100 men in November obtained surrender of Matamoros, on the border
State of Tamaulipas. After three days he was ordered by US Government
to withdraw. His act was repudiated by the President.
1866 -- China. From June 20 to July 7, US forces punished an assault
on the American consul at Newchwang.
1867 -- Nicaragua. Marines occupied Managua and Leon.
1867 -- Formosa (island of Taiwan) - June 13. A naval force landed and
burned a number of huts to punish the murder of the crew of a wrecked
American vessel.
1868 -- Japan (Osaka, Hiolo, Nagasaki, Yokohama, and Negata). -
February 4 to 8, April 4 to May 12, June 12 and 13. US forces were
landed to protect American interests during the civil war in Japan.
1868 -- Uruguay. - February 7 and 8, 19 to 26. US forces protected
foreign residents and the customhouse during an insurrection at
Montevideo.
1868 -- Colombia. - April. US forces protected passengers and treasure
in transit at Aspinwall during the absence of local police or troops
on the occasion of the death of the President of Colombia.
[edit] 1870-1879
1870 -- Mexico. - June 17 and 18. US forces destroyed the pirate ship
Forward, which had been run aground about 40 miles up the Rio Tecapan.
1870 -- Hawaiian Islands. - September 21. US forces placed the
American flag at half mast upon the death of Queen Kalama, when the
American consul at Honolulu would not assume responsibility for so
doing.
1871 -- Korea. Shinmiyangyo Battle in Korea - June 10 to 12. A US
naval force attacked and captured five forts to punish natives for
depredations on Americans, particularly for murdering the crew of the
General Sherman and burning the schooner, and for later firing on
other American small boats taking soundings up the Salee River.
1873 -- Colombia (Bay of Panama). - May 7 to 22, September 23 to
October 9. U.S. forces protected American interests during hostilities
between local groups over control of the government of the State of
Panama.
1873-96 -- Mexico. United States troops crossed the Mexican border
repeatedly in pursuit of cattle and other thieves and other brigands.
There were some reciprocal pursuits by Mexican troops into border
territory. Mexico protested frequently. Notable cases were at Remolina
in May 1873 and at Las Cuevas in 1875. Washington orders often
supported these excursions. Agreements between Mexico and the United
States, the first in 1882, finally legitimized such raids. They
continued intermittently, with minor disputes, until 1896.
1874 -- Hawaiian Islands. - February 12 to 20. Detachments from
American vessels were landed to preserve order and protect American
lives and interests during the coronation of a new king.
1876 -- Mexico. - May 18. An American force was landed to police the
town of Matamoros, Tamaulipas State, temporarily while it was without
other government.
[edit] 1880-1889
1882 -- Egypt. - July 14 to 18. American forces landed to protect
American interests during warfare between British and Egyptians and
looting of the city of Alexandria by Arabs.
1885 -- Panama (Colon). - January 18 and 19. US forces were used to
guard the valuables in transit over the Panama Railroad, and the safes
and vaults of the company during revolutionary activity. In March,
April, and May in the cities of Colon and Panama, the forces helped
reestablish freedom of transit during revolutionary activity.
1888 -- Korea. - June. A naval force was sent ashore to protect
American residents in Seoul during unsettled political conditions,
when an outbreak of the populace was expected.
1888 -- Haiti. - December 20. A display of force persuaded the Haitian
Government to give up an American steamer which had been seized on the
charge of breach of blockade.
1888-89 -- Samoa. - November 14, 1888, to March 20, 1889. US forces
were landed to protect American citizens and the consulate during a
native civil war.
1889 -- Hawaiian Islands. - July 30 and 31. US forces protected
American interests at Honolulu during a revolution.
[edit] 1890-1899
1890 -- Argentina. A naval party landed to protect US consulate and
legation in Buenos Aires.
1891 -- Haiti. US forces sought to protect American lives and property
on Navassa Island.
1891 -- Bering Strait. - July 2 to October 5. Naval forces sought to
stop seal poaching.
1891 -- Chile. - August 28 to 30. US forces protected the American
consulate and the women and children who had taken refuge in it during
a revolution in Valparaiso.
1893 -- Hawaii. - January 16 to April 1. Marines were landed
ostensibly to protect American lives and property, but many believed
actually to promote a provisional government under Sanford B. Dole.
This action was disavowed by the United States.
1894 -- Brazil. - January. A display of naval force sought to protect
American commerce and shipping at Rio de Janeiro during a Brazilian
civil war.
1894 -- Nicaragua. - July 6 to August 7. US forces sought to protect
American interests at Bluefields following a revolution.
1894-95 -- China. Marines were stationed at Tientsin and penetrated to
Peking for protection purposes during the First Sino-Japanese War.
1894-95 -- China. A naval vessel was beached and used as a fort at
Newchwang for protection of American nationals.
1894-96 -- Korea. - July 24, 1894 to April 3, 1896. A guard of marines
was sent to protect the American legation and American lives and
interests at Seoul during and following the Sino-Japanese War.
1895 -- Colombia. - March 8 to 9. US forces protected American
interests during an attack on the town of Bocas del Toro by a bandit
chieftain.
1895-96 -- Venezuela. - Settlement of boundary dispute.
1896 -- Nicaragua. - May 2 to 4. US forces protected American
interests in Corinto during political unrest.
1898 -- Nicaragua. - February 7 and 8. US forces protected American
lives and property at San Juan del Sur.
1898 -- Spanish-American War On April 25, 1898, the United States
declared war with Spain. The war followed a Cuban insurrection, the
Cuban War of Independence against Spanish rule and the sinking of the
USS Maine in the harbor at Havana.
1898-99 -- Samoa. Second Samoan Civil War February-May 15, 1899.
American and British naval forces landed to protect national interests
and to take part in a bloody contention over the succession to the
throne.
1898-99 -- China. - November 5, 1898 to March 15, 1899. US forces
provided a guard for the legation at Peking and the consulate at
Tientsin during contest between the Dowager Empress and her son.
1899 -- Nicaragua. American and British naval forces were landed to
protect national interests at San Juan del Norte, February 22 to March
5, and at Bluefields a few weeks later in connection with the
insurrection of Gen. Juan P. Reyes.
1899-1913 -- Philippine Islands. Philippine-American War US forces
protected American interests following the war with Spain and
conquered the islands by defeating the Filipinos in their war for
independence during the Philippine-American War.
[edit] 1900-1909
1900 -- China. - May 24 to September 28. Boxer Rebellion American
troops participated in operations to protect foreign lives during the
Boxer rising, particularly at Peking. For many years after this
experience a permanent legation guard was maintained in Peking, and
was strengthened at times as trouble threatened.
1901 -- Colombia (State of Panama). - November 20 to December 4.
Panamanian Revolution US forces protected American property on the
Isthmus and kept transit lines open during serious revolutionary
disturbances.
1902 -- Colombia. - April 16 to 23. US forces protected American lives
and property at Bocas del Toro during a civil war.
1902 -- Colombia (State of Panama). - September 17 to November 18. The
United States placed armed guards on all trains crossing the Isthmus
to keep the railroad line open, and stationed ships on both sides of
Panama to prevent the landing of Colombian troops.
1903 -- Honduras. - March 23 to 30 or 31. US forces protected the
American consulate and the steamship wharf at Puerto Cortez during a
period of revolutionary activity.
1903 -- Dominican Republic. - March 30 to April 21. A detachment of
marines was landed to protect American interests in the city of Santo
Domingo during a revolutionary outbreak.
1903 -- Syria. - September 7 to 12. US forces protected the American
consulate in Beirut when a local Moslem uprising was feared.
1903-04 -- Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Twenty-five marines were sent to
Abyssinia to protect the US Consul General while he negotiated a
treaty.
1903-14 -- Panama. US forces sought to protect American interests and
lives during and following the revolution for independence from
Colombia over construction of the Isthmian Canal. With brief
intermissions, United States Marines were stationed on the Isthmus
from November 4, 1903, to January 21, 1914 to guard American
interests.
1904 -- Dominican Republic. - January 2 to February 11. American and
British naval forces established an area in which no fighting would be
allowed and protected American interests in Puerto Plata and Sosua and
Santo Domingo City during revolutionary fighting.
1904 -- Tangier, Morocco. "We want either Perdicaris alive or Raisula
dead." A squadron demonstrated to force release of a kidnapped
American. Marines were landed to protect the consul general.
1904 -- Panama. - November 17 to 24. US forces protected American
lives and property at Ancon at the time of a threatened insurrection.
1904-05 -- Korea. - January 5, 1904, to November 11, 1905. A guard of
Marines was sent to protect the American legation in Seoul during the
Russo-Japanese War.
1906-09 -- Cuba. - September 1906 to January 23, 1909. US forces
sought to protect interests and re-establish a government after
revolutionary activity.
1907 -- Honduras. - March 18 to June 8. To protect American interests
during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua, troops were stationed in
Trujillo, Ceiba, Puerto Cortez, San Pedro, Laguna and Choloma.
1909-33 -- Nicaragua. - May 19 to September 4, 1910. Occupation of
Nicaragua US forces protected American interests at Bluefields.
[edit] 1910-1919
1911 -- Honduras. - January 26. American naval detachments were landed
to protect American lives and interests during a civil war in
Honduras.
1911 -- China. As the nationalist revolution approached, in October an
ensign and 10 men tried to enter Wuchang to rescue missionaries but
retired on being warned away, and a small landing force guarded
American private property and consulate at Hankow. Marines were
deployed in November to guard the cable stations at Shanghai; landing
forces were sent for protection in Nanking, Chinkiang, Taku and
elsewhere.
1912 -- Honduras. A small force landed to prevent seizure by the
government of an American-owned railroad at Puerto Cortes. The forces
were withdrawn after the United States disapproved the action.
1912 -- Panama. Troops, on request of both political parties,
supervised elections outside the Canal Zone.
1912 -- Cuba. - June 5 to August 5. US forces protected American
interests on the Province of Oriente, and in Havana.
1912 -- China. - August 24 to 26, on Kentucky Island, and August 26 to
30 at Camp Nicholson. US forces protected Americans and American
interests during revolutionary activity.
1912 -- Turkey. - November 18 to December 3. US forces guarded the
American legation at Constantinople during a Balkan War.
1912-25 -- Nicaragua. - August to November 1912. US forces protected
American interests during an attempted revolution. A small force,
serving as a legation guard and seeking to promote peace and
stability, remained until August 5, 1925.
1912-41 -- China. The disorders which began with the overthrow of the
dynasty during Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by
the invasion of China by Japan, led to demonstrations and landing
parties for the protection of US interests in China continuously and
at many points from 1912 on to 1941. The guard at Peking and along the
route to the sea was maintained until 1941. In 1927, the United States
had 5,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in its waters.
In 1933 the United States had 3,027 armed men ashore. The protective
action was generally based on treaties with China concluded from 1858
to 1901.
1913 -- Mexico. - September 5 to 7. A few marines landed at Ciaris
Estero to aid in evacuating American citizens and others from the
Yaqui Valley, made dangerous for foreigners by civil strife.
1914 -- Haiti.- January 29 to February 9, February 20 to 21, October
19. Intermittently US naval forces protected American nationals in a
time of rioting and revolution.
1914 -- Dominican Republic. - June and July. During a revolutionary
movement, United States naval forces by gunfire stopped the
bombardment of Puerto Plata, and by threat of force maintained Santo
Domingo City as a neutral zone.
1914-17 -- Mexico. Tampico Affair & Occupation of Veracruz, Mexico
Undeclared Mexican--American hostilities followed the Dolphin affair
and Villa's raids (See Pancho Villa Expedition) and included capture
of Vera Cruz and later Pershing's expedition into northern Mexico.
1915-34 -- Haiti. - July 28, 1915, to August 15, 1934. United States
occupation of Haiti 1915-1934 US forces maintained order during a
period of chronic political instability.
1916 -- China. American forces landed to quell a riot taking place on
American property in Nanking.
1916-24 -- Dominican Republic. - May 1916 to September 1924.
Occupation of the Dominican Republic American naval forces maintained
order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection.
1917 -- China. American troops were landed at Chungking to protect
American lives during a political crisis.
1917-18 -- World War I. On April 6, 1917, the United States declared
war with Germany and on December 7, 1917, with Austria-Hungary.
Entrance of the United States into the war was precipitated by
Germany's submarine warfare against neutral shipping.
1917-22 -- Cuba. US forces protected American interests during
insurrection and subsequent unsettled conditions. Most of the United
States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies
remained at Camaguey until February 1922.
1918-19 -- Mexico. After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, US
troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in
1918 and six times in 1919. In August 1918 American and Mexican troops
fought at Nogales.
1918-20 -- Panama. US forces were used for police duty according to
treaty stipulations, at Chiriqui, during election disturbances and
subsequent unrest.
1918-20 -- Soviet Union. Polar Bear Expedition Marines were landed at
and near Vladivostok in June and July 1918 based on the U.S.
government claim that there was a need to protect the American
consulate and other points in the fighting between the Bolshevik
troops and the Czech Army which had traversed Siberia from the western
front. A joint proclamation of emergency government and neutrality was
issued by the American, Japanese, British, French, and Czech
occupation commanders in July. In August, 7,000 men were landed in
Vladivostok and remained until January 1920, as part of an allied
force to occupy the Soviet Union. In addition, in September 1918,
5,000 American troops joined the allied invasion force at Archangel,
Russia, and remained until June 1919. These operations were an attempt
to overthrow the Soviet government that had come to power with the
Bolshevik Revolution and were partly supported by Czarist or Kerensky
elements.
1919 -- Dalmatia (Croatia). US forces were landed at Trau at the
request of Italian authorities to police order between the Italians
and Serbs.
1919 -- Turkey. Marines from the USS Arizona were landed to guard the
US Consulate during the Greek occupation of Constantinople.
1919 -- Honduras. - September 8 to 12. A landing force was sent ashore
to maintain order in a neutral zone during an attempted revolution.
[edit] 1920-1929
1920 -- China. - March 14. A landing force was sent ashore for a few
hours to protect lives during a disturbance at Kiukiang.
1920 -- Guatemala. - April 9 to 27. US forces protected the American
Legation and other American interests, such as the cable station,
during a period of fighting between Unionists and the Government of
Guatemala.
1920-22 -- Russia (Siberia). - February 16, 1920, to November 19,
1922. A Marine guard was sent to protect the United States radio
station and property on Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok.
1921 -- Panama - Costa Rica. American naval squadrons demonstrated in
April on both sides of the Isthmus to prevent war between the two
countries over a boundary dispute.
1922 -- Turkey. - September and October. A landing force was sent
ashore with consent of both Greek and Turkish authorities, to protect
American lives and property when the Turkish Nationalists entered
Smyrna.
1922-23 -- China. Between April 1922 and November 1923, marines were
landed five times to protect Americans during periods of unrest.
1924 -- Honduras. - February 28 to March 31, September 10 to 15. US
forces protected American lives and interests during election
hostilities.
1924 -- China. - September. Marines were landed to protect Americans
and other foreigners in Shanghai during Chinese factional hostilities.
1925 -- China. - January 15 to August 29. Fighting of Chinese factions
accompanied by riots and demonstrations in Shanghai brought the
landing of American forces to protect lives and property in the
International Settlement.
1925 -- Honduras. - April 19 to 21. US forces protected foreigners at
La Ceiba during a political upheaval.
1925 -- Panama. - October 12 to 23. Strikes and rent riots led to the
landing of about 600 American troops to keep order and protect
American interests.
1926-33 -- Nicaragua. - May 7 to June 5, 1926; August 27, 1926, to
January 3, 1933. The coup d'etat of General Chamorro aroused
revolutionary activities leading to the landing of American marines to
protect the interests of the United States. United States forces came
and went intermittently until January 3, 1933.
1926 -- China. - August and September. The Nationalist attack on
Hankow brought the landing of American naval forces to protect
American citizens. A small guard was maintained at the consulate
general even after September 16, when the rest of the forces were
withdrawn. Likewise, when Nationalist forces captured Kiukiang, naval
forces were landed for the protection of foreigners November 4 to 6.
1927 -- China. - February. Fighting at Shanghai caused American naval
forces and marines to be increased. In March a naval guard was
stationed at American consulate at Nanking after Nationalist forces
captured the city. American and British destroyers later used shell
fire to protect Americans and other foreigners. Subsequently
additional forces of marines and naval forces were stationed in the
vicinity of Shanghai and Tientsin.
[edit] 1930-1939
1932 -- China. American forces were landed to protect American
interests during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai.
1933 -- Cuba. During a revolution against President Gerardo Machado
naval forces demonstrated but no landing was made.
1934 -- China. Marines landed at Foochow to protect the American
Consulate.
1936 -- Spanish Civil War
[edit] 1940-1945
1940 -- Newfoundland, Bermuda, St. Lucia, - Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua,
Trinidad, and British Guiana. Troops were sent to guard air and naval
bases obtained by negotiation with Great Britain. These were sometimes
called lend-lease bases.
1941 -- Greenland. Greenland was taken under protection of the United
States in April.
1941 -- Netherlands (Dutch Guiana). In November the President ordered
American troops to occupy Dutch Guiana, but by agreement with the
Netherlands government in exile, Brazil cooperated to protect aluminum
ore supply from the bauxite mines in Surinam.
1941 -- Iceland. Iceland was taken under the protection of the United
States, with consent of its government, for strategic reasons.
1941 -- Germany. Sometime in the spring the President ordered the Navy
to patrol ship lanes to Europe. By July US warships were convoying and
by September were attacking German submarines. In November, the
Neutrality Act was partly repealed to protect US military aid to
Britain.
1941-45 -- World War II . On December 8, 1941, the United States
declared war with Japan, on December 11 with Germany and Italy, and on
June 5, 1942, with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. The United States
declared war against Japan after the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor,
and against Germany and Italy after those nations, under the dictators
Hitler and Mussolini, declared war against the United States. The US
declared war against Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania in response to the
declarations of war by those nations against the United States.
1945 -- China. In October 50,000 US Marines were sent to North China
to assist Chinese Nationalist authorities in disarming and
repatriating the Japanese in China and in controlling ports,
railroads, and airfields. This was in addition to approximately 60,000
US forces remaining in China at the end of World War II.
[edit] 1945-1949
1945-49 Occupation of part of Germany.
1945-55 Occupation of part of Austria.
1945-46 Occupation of part of Italy.
1945-52 Occupation of Japan.
1945-46 Temporary reoccupation of the Philippines in preparation for
independence.
1945-49 Occupation of South Korea and defeat of a leftist insurgency.
1945-91 -- Cold War
1946 -- Trieste (Italy). President Truman ordered the increase of US
troops along the zonal occupation line and the reinforcement of air
forces in northern Italy after Yugoslav forces shot down an unarmed US
Army transport plane flying over Venezia Giulia. Earlier US naval
units had been sent to the scene. Later the Free Territory of Trieste,
Zone A.
1945-47 US Marines garrisoned in Mainland China to oversee the removal
of Soviet and Japanese forces after World War II.
1948 -- Palestine. A marine consular guard was sent to Jerusalem to
protect the US Consul General.
1948 -- Berlin. Berlin Airlift After the Soviet Union established a
land blockade of the US, British, and French sectors of Berlin on June
24, 1948, the United States and its allies airlifted supplies to
Berlin until after the blockade was lifted in May 1949.
1948-49 -- China. Marines were dispatched to Nanking to protect the
American Embassy when the city fell to Communist troops, and to
Shanghai to aid in the protection and evacuation of Americans.
[edit] 1950-1959
1950-53 -- Korean War. The United States responded to North Korean
invasion of South Korea by going to its assistance, pursuant to United
Nations Security Council resolutions. US forces deployed in Korea
exceeded 300,000 during the last year of the conflict. Over 36,600 US
military were killed in action.
1950-55 -- Formosa (Taiwan). In June 1950 at the beginning of the
Korean War, President Truman ordered the US Seventh Fleet to prevent
Chinese Communist attacks upon Formosa and Chinese Nationalist
operations against mainland China.
1954 -- The CIA and the U.S. State Department with help from the
United Fruit Company orchestrate the 1954 coup in Guatemala against
the United Fruit Company's major enemy, the democratically elected,
leftwing, populist President Jacobo Arbenz. Colonel Carlos Castillo
Armas takes the helm and becomes the first in a long line of U.S.
supported Guatemalan military rulers.
1954-55 -- China. Naval units evacuated US civilians and military
personnel from the Tachen Islands.
1955-63 US sends military advisers to assist President Ngo Dinh Diem
of South Vietnam. [5]
1956 -- Egypt. A marine battalion evacuated US nationals and other
persons from Alexandria during the Suez crisis.
1958 -- Lebanon. Lebanon crisis of 1958 Marines were landed in Lebanon
at the invitation of President Camille Chamoun to help protect against
threatened insurrection supported from the outside. The President's
action was supported by a Congressional resolution passed in 1957 that
authorized such actions in that area of the world.
[edit] 1960-1969
1959-60 -- The Caribbean. Second Marine Ground Task Force was deployed
to protect US nationals following the Cuban revolution.
1962 -- Thailand. The Third Marine Expeditionary Unit landed on May
17, 1962 to support that country during the threat of Communist
pressure from outside; by July 30, the 5,000 marines had been
withdrawn.
1962 -- Cuba. Cuban Missile Crisis On October 22, President Kennedy
instituted a "quarantine" on the shipment of offensive missiles to
Cuba from the Soviet Union. He also warned Soviet Union that the
launching of any missile from Cuba against nations in the Western
Hemisphere would bring about US nuclear retaliation on the Soviet
Union. A negotiated settlement was achieved in a few days.
1963 -- Iraq. The C.I.A. supports a coup in Iraq against the
democratically-elected Qassim government.[2][3][4][5]
1962-75 -- Laos. From October 1962 until 1975, the United States
played an important role in military support of anti-Communist forces
in Laos.
1964 -- Congo (Zaire). The United States sent four transport planes to
provide airlift for Congolese troops during a rebellion and to
transport Belgian paratroopers to rescue foreigners.
1964 -- Military coup in Brazil; support given by US is provided but
not needed. (See Operation Brother Sam)[6]
1959-75 -- Vietnam War. US military advisers had been in South Vietnam
for a decade, and their numbers had been increased as the military
position of the Saigon government became weaker. After citing what he
termed were attacks on US destroyers in the Tonkin Gulf, President
Johnson asked in August 1964 for a resolution expressing US
determination to support freedom and protect peace in Southeast Asia.
Congress responded with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, expressing support
for "all necessary measures" the President might take to repel armed
attacks against US forces and prevent further aggression. Following
this resolution, and following a Communist attack on a US installation
in central Vietnam, the United States escalated its participation in
the war to a peak of 543,000 military personnel by April 1969.
1965 -- Dominican Republic. Invasion of Dominican Republic The United
States intervened to protect lives and property during a Dominican
revolt and sent 20,000 US troops as fears grew that the revolutionary
forces were coming increasingly under Communist control.
1967 -- Congo (Zaire). The United States sent three military transport
aircraft with crews to provide the Congo central government with
logistical support during a revolt.
1968 -- Capture of USS Pueblo
1968 -- Iraq. The C.I.A. successfully supports coup in Iraq against
the government of Rahman Arif to bring the Ba'ath Party to power, with
Saddam Hussein eventually taking the helm.[2]
1968 -- U.S. starts secret bombing campaign against targets along the
Ho Chi Minh trail in the sovereign nations of Cambodia and Laos. The
bombings last at least two years. (See Operation Commando Hunt)
[edit] 1970-1979
1970 -- Cambodia. US troops were ordered into Cambodia to clean out
Communist sanctuaries from which Viet Cong and North Vietnamese
attacked US and South Vietnamese forces in Vietnam. The object of this
attack, which lasted from April 30 to June 30, was to ensure the
continuing safe withdrawal of American forces from South Vietnam and
to assist the program of Vietnamization.
1971 -- Indian Subcontinent. USA sends its nuclear aircraft carrier
USS Enterprise to the Indian Ocean to try and threaten the Indian
Military to back down from the Bangladesh Liberation War. The move
backfires as India intensifies its attempt to liberate East Pakistan
ending in the swift defeat of Pakistan, an ally of USA. [citation
needed]
1972 -- The CIA funds and helps orchestrate a military coup against
the democratically elected Chilean President Salvador Allende; General
Augusto Pinochet becomes the military dictator until 1990.
1974 -- Evacuation from Cyprus. United States naval forces evacuated
US civilians during hostilities between Turkish and Greek Cypriot
forces.
1975 -- Evacuation from Vietnam. On April 3, 1975, President Ford
reported US naval vessels, helicopters, and Marines had been sent to
assist in evacuation of refugees and US nationals from Vietnam.
1975 -- Evacuation from Cambodia. On April 12, 1975, President Ford
reported that he had ordered US military forces to proceed with the
planned evacuation of US citizens from Cambodia.
1975 -- South Vietnam. On April 30 1975, President Ford reported that
a force of 70 evacuation helicopters and 865 Marines had evacuated
about 1,400 US citizens and 5,500 third country nationals and South
Vietnamese from landing zones near the US Embassy in Saigon and the
Tan Son Nhut Airfield.
1975 -- Cambodia. Mayagüez Incident. On May 15, 1975, President Ford
reported he had ordered military forces to retake the SS Mayaguez, a
merchant vessel which was seized from Cambodian naval patrol boats in
international waters and forced to proceed to a nearby island.
1976 -- Lebanon. On July 22 and 23, 1974, helicopters from five US
naval vessels evacuated approximately 250 Americans and Europeans from
Lebanon during fighting between Lebanese factions after an overland
convoy evacuation had been blocked by hostilities.
1976 -- Korea. Additional forces were sent to Korea after two American
soldiers were killed by North Korean soldiers in the demilitarized
zone between North and South Korea while cutting down a tree.
1978 -- Zaire (Congo). From May 19 through June 1978, the United
States utilized military transport aircraft to provide logistical
support to Belgian and French rescue operations in Zaire.
[edit] 1980-1990
1980 -- Iran. Operation Eagle Claw On April 26, 1980, President Carter
reported the use of six US transport planes and eight helicopters in
an unsuccessful attempt to rescue American hostages being held in
Iran.
1981 -- El Salvador. After a guerrilla offensive against the
government of El Salvador, additional US military advisers were sent
to El Salvador, bringing the total to approximately 55, to assist in
training government forces in counterinsurgency.
1981 --Libya. First Gulf of Sidra Incident On August 19, 1981, US
planes based on the carrier USS Nimitz shot down two Libyan jets over
the Gulf of Sidra after one of the Libyan jets had fired a heat-
seeking missile. The United States periodically held freedom of
navigation exercises in the Gulf of Sidra, claimed by Libya as
territorial waters but considered international waters by the United
States.
1982 -- Sinai. On March 19, 1982, President Reagan reported the
deployment of military personnel and equipment to participate in the
Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai. Participation had been
authorized by the Multinational Force and Observers Resolution, Public
Law 97-132.
1982 -- Lebanon. Multinational Force in Lebanon On August 21, 1982,
President Reagan reported the dispatch of 80 marines to serve in the
multinational force to assist in the withdrawal of members of the
Palestine Liberation force from Beirut. The Marines left September 20,
1982.
1982-1983 -- Lebanon. On September 29, 1982, President Reagan reported
the deployment of 1200 marines to serve in a temporary multinational
force to facilitate the restoration of Lebanese government
sovereignty. On Sept. 29, 1983, Congress passed the Multinational
Force in Lebanon Resolution (P.L. 98-119) authorizing the continued
participation for eighteen months.
1983 -- Egypt. After a Libyan plane bombed a city in Sudan on March
18, 1983, and Sudan and Egypt appealed for assistance, the United
States dispatched an AWACS electronic surveillance plane to Egypt.
1983 -- Grenada. Operation Urgent Fury, Citing an imminent Soviet
threat, the U.S. invades the sovereign island nation of Grenada.
Grenada is defended only by several hundred lightly armed troops and
policemen.
1983-89 -- Honduras. In July 1983 the United States undertook a series
of exercises in Honduras that some believed might lead to conflict
with Nicaragua. On March 25, 1986, unarmed US military helicopters and
crewmen ferried Honduran troops to the Nicaraguan border to repel
Nicaraguan troops.
1983 -- Chad. On August 8, 1983, President Reagan reported the
deployment of two AWACS electronic surveillance planes and eight F-15
fighter planes and ground logistical support forces to assist Chad
against Libyan and rebel forces.
1984 -- Persian Gulf. On June 5, 1984, Saudi Arabian jet fighter
planes, aided by intelligence from a US AWACS electronic surveillance
aircraft and fueled by a U.S. KC-10 tanker, shot down two Iranian
fighter planes over an area of the Persian Gulf proclaimed as a
protected zone for shipping.
1985 -- Italy. On October 10, 1985, US Navy pilots intercepted an
Egyptian airliner and forced it to land in Sicily. The airliner was
carrying the hijackers of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro who
had killed an American citizen during the hijacking.
1986 -- Libya. Libyan Patrol Boats On March 26, 1986, President Reagan
reported on March 24 and 25, US forces, while engaged in freedom of
navigation exercises around the Gulf of Sidra, had been attacked by
Libyan missiles and the United States had responded with missiles.
1986 -- Libya. Operation El Dorado Canyon On April 16, 1986, President
Reagan reported that U.S. air and naval forces had conducted bombing
strikes on terrorist facilities and military installations in the
Libyan capitol of Tripoli, claiming that Colonel Qadhafi, who had
ousted oil-friendly King Idris, was responsible for a bomb attack at a
German disco that killed two U.S. soldiers.
1986 -- Bolivia. U.S. Army personnel and aircraft assisted Bolivia in
anti-drug operations.
1987-88 -- Persian Gulf. After the Iran-Iraq War resulted in several
military incidents in the Persian Gulf, the United States increased US
joint military forces operations in the Persian Gulf and adopted a
policy of reflagging and escorting Kuwaiti oil tankers through the
Gulf. President Reagan reported that US ships had been fired upon or
struck mines or taken other military action on September 23, October
10, and October 20, 1987 and April 19, July 4, and July 14, 1988. The
United States gradually reduced its forces after a cease-fire between
Iran and Iraq on August 20, 1988.
1987-88 -- Operation Earnest Will
1987-88 -- Operation Prime Chance
1988 -- April 18 strikes against Iranian naval and air forces. (See
Operation Praying Mantis)
1988 -- Operation Golden Pheasant
1988 -- USS Vincennes shoot down of Iran Air Flight 655
1988 -- Panama. Operation Just Cause In mid-March and April 1988,
during a period of instability in Panama and as the United States
increased pressure on Panamanian head of state General Manuel Noriega
to resign, the United States sent 1,000 troops to Panama, to "further
safeguard the canal, US lives, property and interests in the area."
The forces supplemented 10,000 US military personnel already in the
Panama Canal Zone.
1989 -- Libya. Second Gulf of Sidra Incident On January 4, 1989, two
US Navy F-14 aircraft based on the USS John F. Kennedy shot down two
Libyan jet fighters over the Mediterranean Sea about 70 miles north of
Libya. The US pilots said the Libyan planes had demonstrated hostile
intentions.
1989 -- Panama. On May 11, 1989, in response to General Noriega's
disregard of the results of the Panamanian election, President Bush
ordered a brigade-sized force of approximately 1,900 troops to augment
the estimated 11,000 U.S. forces already in the area.
1989 -- Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru. Andean Initiative in War on
Drugs. On September 15, 1989, President Bush announced that military
and law enforcement assistance would be sent to help the Andean
nations of Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru combat illicit drug producers
and traffickers. By mid-September there were 50-100 US military
advisers in Colombia in connection with transport and training in the
use of military equipment, plus seven Special Forces teams of 2-12
persons to train troops in the three countries.
1989 -- Philippines. On December 2, 1989, President Bush reported that
on December 1 US fighter planes from Clark Air Base in the Philippines
had assisted the Aquino government to repel a coup attempt. In
addition, 100 marines were sent from the US Navy base at Subic Bay to
protect the US Embassy in Manila.
1989-90 -- Panama. Operation Just Cause On December 21, 1989, the U.S.
invades the sovereign nation of Panama to "further safeguard the
canal, US lives, property and interests in the area." Several thousand
Panamanian civilians are killed. The Panamanian head of state, General
Manuel Noriega, is captured and brought to the U.S. By February 13,
1990, all the invasion forces had been withdrawn.
1990 -- Liberia. On August 6, 1990, President Bush reported that a
reinforced rifle company had been sent to provide additional security
to the US Embassy in Monrovia, and that helicopter teams had evacuated
US citizens from Liberia.
1990 -- Saudi Arabia. On August 9, 1990, President Bush reported that
he had ordered the forward deployment of substantial elements of the
US armed forces into the Persian Gulf region to help defend Saudi
Arabia after the August 2 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. On November 16,
1990, he reported the continued buildup of the forces to ensure an
adequate offensive military option.
[edit] 1991-1999
1991 -- Iraq. Persian Gulf War On January 16 America attacked Iraqi
forces and military targets in Iraq and Kuwait, in conjunction with a
coalition of allies and UN Security Council resolutions. Combat
operations ended on February 28, 1991. (See Operation Desert Shield
and Operation Desert Storm)
1991 -- Iraq. On May 17, 1991, President Bush stated that the Iraqi
repression of the Kurdish people had necessitated a limited
introduction of US forces into northern Iraq for emergency relief
purposes.
1991 -- Zaire. On September 25-27, 1991, after widespread looting and
rioting broke out in Kinshasa, US Air Force C-141s transported 100
Belgian troops and equipment into Kinshasa. US planes also carried 300
French troops into the Central African Republic and hauled evacuated
American citizens.
1991-96 -- Operation Provide Comfort
1992 -- Sierra Leone. On May 3, 1992, US military planes evacuated
Americans from Sierra Leone, where military leaders had overthrown the
government.
1992 -- Kuwait. On August 3, 1992, the United States began a series of
military exercises in Kuwait, following Iraqi refusal to recognize a
new border drawn up by the United Nations and refusal to cooperate
with UN inspection teams.
1992-2003 -- Iraq. Iraqi No-Fly Zones The U.S. together with the
United Kingdom declares and enforces "no fly zones" over the majority
of sovereign Iraqi airspace, prohibiting Iraqi flights in zones in
southern Iraq and northern Iraq, and conducting aerial reconnaissance
and bombings.
1992-95 -- Somalia. "Operation Restore Hope" Somali Civil War On
December 10, 1992, President Bush reported that he had deployed US
armed forces to Somalia in response to a humanitarian crisis and a UN
Security Council Resolution. The operation came to an end on May 4,
1993. US forces continued to participate in the successor United
Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II). (See also Battle of
Mogadishu)
1993-Present -- Bosnia/Yugoslavia/Kosovo.
1993 -- Macedonia. On July 9, 1993, President Clinton reported the
deployment of 350 US soldiers to the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia to participate in the UN Protection Force to help maintain
stability in the area of former Yugoslavia.
1993-95 -- Haiti. Operation Uphold Democracy US ships had begun
embargo against Haiti. Up to 20,000 US military troops were later
deployed to Haiti.
1994 -- Macedonia. On April 19, 1994, President Clinton reported that
the US contingent in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia had
been increased by a reinforced company of 200 personnel.
1995 -- Bosnia. NATO bombing of Bosnian Serbs. (See Operation
Deliberate Force)
1996 -- Liberia. On April 11, 1996, President Clinton reported that on
April 9, 1996 due to the "deterioration of the security situation and
the resulting threat to American citizens" in Liberia he had ordered
US military forces to evacuate from that country "private US citizens
and certain third-country nationals who had taken refuge in the US
Embassy compound...."
1996 -- Central African Republic. On May 23, 1996, President Clinton
reported the deployment of US military personnel to Bangui, Central
African Republic, to conduct the evacuation from that country of
"private US citizens and certain U.S. Government employees," and to
provide "enhanced security for the American Embassy in Bangui."
1997 -- Albania. On March 13, 1997, US military forces were used to
evacuate certain U.S. Government employees and private US citizens
from Tirana, Albania.
1997 -- Congo and Gabon. On March 27, 1997, President Clinton reported
on March 25, 1997, a standby evacuation force of US military personnel
had been deployed to Congo and Gabon to provide enhanced security and
to be available for any necessary evacuation operation.
1997 -- Sierra Leone. On May 29 and May 30, 1997, US military
personnel were deployed to Freetown, Sierra Leone, to prepare for and
undertake the evacuation of certain US government employees and
private US citizens.
1997 -- Cambodia. On July 11, 1997, In an effort to ensure the
security of American citizens in Cambodia during a period of domestic
conflict there, a Task Force of about 550 US military personnel were
deployed at Utapao Air Base in Thailand for possible evacuations.
1998 -- Iraq. US-led bombing campaign against Iraq. (See Operation
Desert Fox)
1998 -- Guinea-Bissau. On June 10, 1998, in response to an army mutiny
in Guinea-Bissau endangering the US Embassy, President Clinton
deployed a standby evacuation force of US military personnel to Dakar,
Senegal, to evacuate from the city of Bissau.
1998 - 1999 Kenya and Tanzania. US military personnel were deployed to
Nairobi, Kenya, to coordinate the medical and disaster assistance
related to the bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.
1998 -- Afghanistan and Sudan. Operation Infinite Reach On August
20th, air strikes were used against two suspected terrorist training
camps in Afghanistan and a suspected chemical factory in Sudan.
1998 -- Liberia. On September 27, 1998 America deployed a stand-by
response and evacuation force of 30 US military personnel to increase
the security force at the US Embassy in Monrovia.
1999 - 2001 East Timor. East Timor Independence Limited number of US
military forces deployed with UN to restore peace to East Timor.
1999 -- NATO's bombing of Serbia in the Kosovo Conflict. (See
Operation Allied Force)
[edit] 2000- present
2000 -- Sierra Leone. On May 12, 2000, President Clinton reported that
he had ordered a US Navy patrol craft to deploy to Sierra Leone to be
ready to support evacuation operations from that country if needed
2000 -- Yemen. On October 14, 2000, President Clinton reported that on
October 12, 2000, in the wake of an attack on the USS Cole in the port
of Aden, Yemen, he had authorized deployment of military personnel to
Aden.
2001 -- Afghanistan. US invasion of Afghanistan. The War on Terrorism
begins with Operation Enduring Freedom. On October 7, 2001, US Armed
Forces "began combat action in Afghanistan against Al Qaida terrorists
and their Taliban supporters."
2002 -- Yemen. On November 3, 2002, an American RQ-1 Predator fired a
Hellfire missile at a car in Yemen killing Qaed Senyan al-Harthi, an
al-Qaeda leader thought to be responsible for the USS Cole bombing.
2002 -- Philippines. At the Philippine Government's invitation, the
President had ordered deployed "combat-equipped and combat support
forces to train with, advise, and assist" the Philippines' Armed
Forces in enhancing their "existing counterterrorist capabilities."
2002 -- Cote d'Ivoire. On September 25, 2002, in response to a
rebellion in Cote d'Ivoire, US military personnel went into Cote
d'Ivoire to assist in the evacuation of American citizens Bouake.
2003 -- 2003 invasion of Iraq Second Persian Gulf War. March 20, 2003.
The United States leads a coalition that includes Britain, to invade
Iraq with the stated goal of eliminating Iraqi weapons of mass
destruction. By May 1, 2003, President Bush declares "mission
accomplished." Occupation of Iraq by foreign military forces
continues.
2003 -- Liberia. Second Liberian Civil War On June 9, 2003, President
Bush reported that on June 8 he had sent about 35 combat-equipped US
military personnel into Monrovia, Liberia, to help secure the US
Embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania, and to aid in any necessary
evacuation from either Liberia or Mauritania.
2003 --Georgia and Djibouti "US combat equipped and support forces"
had been deployed to Georgia and Djibouti to help in enhancing their
"counterterrorist capabilities."
2004 -- 2004 Haïti rebellion occurs. US-affiliated rebel leaders gain
control of Haiti, ousting the government of populist priest Jean-
Bertrand Aristide. Supporters of Aristide claim U.S. involvement in
the coup d'état. The U.S. denies involvement in the coup, but deploys
marines to protect Aristide and transport him safely to the Central
African Republic. Aristide claims to have been kidnapped, a charge the
U.S. also denies.
2004 -- Terrorism: US "anti-terror" related activities were underway
in Georgia, Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Eritrea.
2006 -- Pakistan. 17 people including known Al Qaeda bomb maker and
chemical weapons expert Midhat Mursi, were killed in an American RQ-1
Predator airstrike on Damadola (Pakistan), near the Afghan border.
2006 -- Lebanon. US Marine Detachment begins evacuation of US citizens
willing to the leave the country in the face of a likely ground
invasion by Israel and continued fighting between Hezbollah and the
Israeli military.
2007 -- Somalia. Battle of Ras Kamboni. On January 8, 2007, while the
conflict between the Islamic Courts Union and the Transitional Federal
Government continues, an AC-130 gunship conducts an aerial strike on a
suspected Al-Qaeda operative, along with other Islamist fighters, on
Badmadow Island near Ras Kamboni in southern Somalia. As of January
9th, information regarding the success of the mission has not been
released and some unconfirmed reports state that a subsequent
helicopter attack killed 31 civilians.
[edit] Other interventions
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into
Foreign relations of the United States. (Discuss)
In addition to the operations listed above, the US has a very active
foreign policy that uses various methods to influence events in other
countries. These methods include
Weapons sales
Military advice and training (e.g. through the School of the
Americas)
International loans
Economic sanctions
Development aid
Foreign broadcasting (e.g. Voice of America)
Grants to non-governmental organizations (e.g. the National Endowment
for Democracy)
Support of separatist groups
Support of anti-government press
The International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the United Nations,
NATO, and other international bodies have also been called agents of
US foreign intervention, although the US by itself does not set the
policies of these institutions unilaterally. [6]
This section overlaps with other sections; it should be combined with
the rest of the article.
Please post any comments on this issue on the talk page.
The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States.
(See e.g. Wikipedia:Summary style.)
[edit] American Indian battles
See also: Indian Wars, Indian massacres
Frontier warfare during the American Revolution, which included:
Battle of Oriskany (1777)
Wyoming Valley Massacre (1778)
Cherry Valley Massacre (1778)
Sullivan Expedition (1779)
Battle of Blue Licks (1782)
Northwest Indian War (1785–1795)
Nickajack Expedition (1794)
Sabine Expedition (1806)
War of 1812 (western theatre), which included:
Tecumseh's War (1811-1813)
Peoria War (1813)
Creek War (1813–1814)
Seminole Wars (1812, 1817–1818, 1835–1842, 1855–1858)
Arikara War (1823)
Fever River War (1827)
Le Fèvre Indian War (1827)
Black Hawk War (1832)
Pawnee Indian Territory Campaign (1834)
Creek War of 1836, aka Second Creek War or Creek Alabama Uprising
(1835-1837)
Missouri-Iowa Border War (1836)
Southwestern Frontier (Sabine) disturbances (no fighting) (1836–1837)
Cherokee Uprising (1836-1838)
Osage Indian War (1837)
Cayuse War (1848–1855)
Navajo Wars (1849–1861)
Long Walk of the Navajo (1863–1868)
Southwest Indian Wars (1849-1863)
Pitt River Expedition (1850)
Mariposa War (1850–1851)
Yuma Expedition (1851–1852)
Utah Indian Wars (1851-1853)
Walker War (1853)
Grattan Massacre (1855)
Yakima War (1855)
Snake River War (1855)
Klickitat War (1855)
Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
Klamath and Salmon Indian Wars (1855)
Tintic War (1856)
Gila Expedition (1857)
Mendocino War (1858)
Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War (1858)
Pecos Expedition (1859)
Antelope Hills Expedition (1859)
Bear River Expedition (1859)
Paiute War (1860)
Kiowa-Comanche War (1860)
Cheyenne Campaign (1861–1864)
Sioux Uprising (1862)
Colorado War (1863–1865)
Kidder Massacre (1867) {See 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment-External
Link}
Snake War (1864–1868)
Utah's Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
Comanche Wars (1867–1875)
Battle of Washita River (1868)
Marias Massacre (1870)
Modoc War (1872–1873)
Red River War (1874)
Apache Wars (1873, 1885–1886)
Eastern Navada Expedition (1875)
Black Hills War (1876–1877)
Nez Perce War (1877)
Bannock War (1878)
Cheyenne War (1878–1879)
Sheepeater Indian War (1879)
White River War (1879)
Ute War (1879-1880)
Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
Battle of Leech Lake {1898)
New Mexico Navajo War (1913)
Colorado Paiute War (1915)
AIM Takeovers (~1969–~1974)
[edit] Relocation
Indian Removal (1830s)
Trail of Tears (1835-1838)
WWII-Era Japanese American Internment (1942–1946)
[edit] Armed insurrections and slave revolts
See also: Slave rebellion, Tax revolt
Gloucester County, Virginia Slave Rebellion (1663)
Bacon's Rebellion (1676)
Leisler's Rebellion (1689-91)
Stono Rebellion (1739)
Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1766)
Black Boys Rebellion (1765, 1769)
War of the Regulation (1764-1771)
Pine Tree Riot (1771-2)
Boston Tea Party (1773)
Burning of the Peggy Stewart (1774)
American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Shays' Rebellion (1786)
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
John Fries' Rebellion (1799-1800)
Gabriel's Rebellion (1800)
Malta War (1808–1809)
Louisiana Territory Slave Rebellion (1811)
Fort Blount Revolt (1816)
Denmark Vesey's Uprising (1822)
Nat Turner's slave rebellion (1831)
Republic of Indian Stream (1832-1835)
Buckshot War (~1837–~1838)
Patriot War (1837–1838)
Amistad Seizure (1839)
Anti-Rent War (1839–~1844)
Creole Incident (1841)
Dorr Rebellion (1841–1842)
Taos Revolt (1847)
Utah War (1857-8)
John Brown's Raid on Federal Armory at Harper's Ferry (1859)
American Civil War (1861-1865)
Salinero Revolt (1877)
Green Corn Rebellion Oklahoma (1917)
Jayuya Uprising - Puerto Rico (1950)
Wounded Knee Wounded Knee, SD (1973)
[edit] Range wars
See also: Range war
Franklin County War (Idaho, 1866–1872)
Mason County War (Texas, 1874–1877)
Colfax County War (New Mexico, 1875)
Lincoln County War (New Mexico, 1877–1878)
Johnson County War (Wyoming, 1892)
Pleasant Valley War (Arizona, 1886)
Sheep Wars (Texas-New Mexico borderlands, ~1879–1900)
Posey War (Utah, 1923)
[edit] Bloodless boundary disputes
Toledo War (1835, Michigan Territory-Ohio)
Aroostook War (1838–1839, U.S.-Britain)
Honey War (1839, Iowa Territory-Missouri)
Oregon boundary dispute (1844–1846, U.S.-Britain)
Pig War (1859, U.S.-Britain)
Chamizal Dispute (1895–1963, U.S.-Mexico)
Alaska Boundary Dispute (1907, U.S.-Canada)
Red River Bridge War (1932, Oklahoma-Texas)
[edit] Terror, paramilitary groups and guerrilla warfare
[edit] 18th & 19th century
Francis Marion (1780–1782)
Bleeding Kansas (1854–1860)
Wakarusa War (1855)
Cortina Troubles (1859–1861)
Kansas Jayhawkers (1861–1863)
Quantrill's Raiders (1861–1863)
Red-Shirts Hamburg Massacre {1876)
Ku Klux Klan (1877–present)
Knights of the White Camelia
White League (1874–)
Coushatta Massacre (1874)
Colfax Riot (1874)
[edit] 20th & 21st century
Black Patch Tobacco Wars (1904-1914?)
Mass racial violence in the United States (1917; 1919; 1921; 1943;
1965; 1967)
Wall Street bombing (1920)
Capitol Attack (1954)
Weathermen (1969–1976)
Symbionese Liberation Army (1970s)
U.S. Embassy Bombing (1983)
Marine Barracks Bombing (1983)
World Trade Center bombing (1993)
Oklahoma City bombing (1995)
U.S. Embassy Bombings (1998)
USS Cole Bombing (2000)
September 11, 2001 attacks (2001)
Puerto Rico counter guerrilla training operations (since 1950s)
[edit] Labor-management disputes
Further information: Timeline of labor issues and events and List of
strikes
Great Railroad Strike (1877)
Homestead Strike (1892)
Pullman Strike (1894)
[edit] State and national secession attempts
Further information: List of extinct states and Unrecognized historic
regions of the United States
Westsylvania (1776)
Green Mountain Boys (1777–1791)
State of Franklin (1784 - 1790)
Republic of West Florida (1810)
Republic of Indian Stream (1832–1842)
Free City of Tri-Insula (1861)
Confederate States of America (1861–1865)
State of Jefferson (1941)
Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket secession attempt (1977)
Conch Republic (1982)
[edit] Covert operations, coups, military advisers etc.
Main article: CIA sponsored regime change
Due to the secretive nature of certain covert interventions, certain
cases are a matter of dispute.
[edit] 1890s
Baltimore Crisis (Chile, 1891)
Hawaiian Coup (Hawaii, 1893)
[edit] 1940s
1942 CIA and British MI6 put the Shah on the Iranian throne.
Greek Civil War (1946-1949)
1949 CIA helps overthrow the democratically elected government of
Syria, which brings in the dictatorship of Husni al-Za'im
[edit] 1950s
1953 Operation Ajax: CIA and British MI6 successfully orchestrate the
removal of democratically-elected Iranian prime minister Mohammed
Mossadegh, and installs the Shah as dictator.[7] [8]
1954 Operation PBSUCCESS: CIA-orchestrated overthrow of elected
president Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán in Guatemala.
[edit] 1960s
1961 CIA involvement in the assassination of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo,
ruler of the Dominican Republic. [9] [10] [11]
1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion: US-sponsored failed invasion of Cuba.
1961 - 1962 CIA and Department of Defense covert plans and operations
against Fidel Castro.
The Cuban Project
Operation Mongoose
Operation Northwoods
1962-74 Secret War in Laos.
1963 US backs coup against South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in
1963.[12]
1964 Brazilian Military Coup
1963-64 CIA involvement in riots and violence in Guyana in order to
undermine the Marxist People's Progressive Party and its leader,
Cheddi Jagan.
United States intervention in Chile
1967 CIA-organized military operation ends in capture and execution of
Che Guevara by the Bolivian Army.
1960s–1970s Operation Condor, Latin America
[edit] 1970s
1970 Project FUBELT: US supported unsuccessful coup against Salvador
Allende
1973 Chilean coup of 1973 [7]
1976 Argentine Military Coup
1979 - 1989 CIA support for the Contras. (See Iran-Contra Affair)
resolution[13]
[edit] 1980s
1980 Operation Eagle Claw: Attempt to rescue hostages held by Iran
fails.
Contras (Nicaragua, 1980s)
1981 US sends military advisors to El Salvador.[14]
1987-88 Operation Earnest Will: Escort of reflagged Kuwaiti oil
tankers in the Persian Gulf.
1987-88 Operation Prime Chance: Covert anti-Iranian operations in the
Persian Gulf.
1979–1989 Mujahideen vs. USSR in Afghanistan
[edit] 1990s
Pentagon-contracted advisors to Croatia prior to Operation Storm
(1994)
[edit] 2000s
Damadola airstrike (Pakistan) (2006)
[edit] Alleged interventions
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality
standards.
Please discuss this issue on the talk page or replace this tag with a
more specific message.
This article has been tagged since July 2006.
The following list cites foreign interventions taken by the United
States since 1945 which have been claimed, but not necessarily proven.
1961-63 -- Ecuador. Ecuadorian President José María Velasco Ibarra was
overthrown by a military coup in 1961 and replaced with his vice-
president Carlos Julio Arosemana, who in turn was overthrown in 1963
and replaced by a more consistently anti-Communist military junta.
Philip Agee has alleged CIA involvement in both coups. [15][16]
1967 -- Greece. CIA-backed military coup ushers in Regime of the
Colonels in Greece.
1982-83 --Guatemala. Support for military dictator Efraín Ríos Montt
in Guatemala {1982-1983.} CIA support for the coup that brought him
into power.
1960s-1970s -- Italy. CIA support for Operation Gladio, a false flag
terrorist campaign against civilian targets in Italy perpetrated by
units controlled by Italian military intelligence and blamed on
Italian far left groups. See Prime Minister Aldo Moro.
1979-84 -- Yemen. American intervention in civil war.
1987 --Fiji. Support to coup against Timoci Bavadra, democratically-
elected Prime Minister.
1990-91 -- Bulgaria, Albania Corruption of elections in Bulgaria in
1990 and in Albania in 1991.
1991 -- Haiti. U.S. Support for ousting Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
2002 -- Venezuela. CIA-backed abortive coup against democratically-
elected President Hugo Chávez.
2004 -- Haiti. U.S. Support for ousting of Haitian President Jean-
Bertrand Aristide. (See: 2004 Haiti rebellion) The U.S. government
also threatened action against Jamaica in the event that Jamaica were
to provide residence to Aristide.
2004 -- El Salvador. Interference in Salvadoran presidential election.
US threatened to take reprisals if the country would elect the
socialist candidate Schafik Handal.
2004 -- Equatorial Guinea. Support (along with Spain and Britain) for
a failed coup plot against Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo.
[edit] Miscellaneous
Yankee-Pennamite Wars (1769–1784)
Oconee War (1784)
Burr conspiracy (~1804–~1807)
Chesapeake Affair (1807)
Little Belt Affair (1811)
Railroad War (1853–1855)
Hatfields and McCoys (1860–1891)
Sinking of the General Sherman (1866)
Fenian Invasion of Canada (1866)
Brooks-Baxter War (1873)
Virginius Affair (1873)
Canal Zone Riots (1964)
Israeli Attack on USS Liberty (1967)
Kent State Shootings (1970)
War on Drugs (~1972—)
Iran Hostage Crisis (1979–1981)
Iraqi Attack on USS Stark (1987)
USBATF Raid on Branch Davidians (1993)
[edit] Latter-Day Saints
Mormon War (1838)
Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857)
[edit] Republic of Texas
Texas Revolution (1835–1836)
Texas Santa Fe Expedition (1841)
[edit] Notes
^ Congressional Research Service report RL30172[http://a43.ac-
images.myspacecdn.com/images01/10/
l_dab10a36755263c19473a25a88edf732.jpg]. Retrieved on 2006-07-15.
^ a b (March 14 2003) "A Tyrant 40 Years in the Making". New York
Times.
^ (1978) The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of
Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
^ Sluglett, Peter and Marion (1990). Iraq Since 1958. London: I.B.
Taurus.
^ Regarding the CIA's "Health Alteration Committee's work in Iraq, see
U.S. Senate's Church Committee Interim Report on Assassination, page
181, Note 1.
^ (January 21, 1977) "Castelo Branco and the CIA's war games". Brazil
Latin America Political Report 3: 19. The day before the coup, the CIA
sent a message to Washington saying: 'President Goulart will be
removed, and quickly . . . oil is a problem, the communists have the
control of ports and railways but not of the roads . . . the democrats
will be dependent on the port of Vitoria, which they can control, to
get oil'. It was thus that 'Operation Brother Sam' was thrown into
action to provide logistical support. A navy task force was sent to
the Brazilian coast, consisting of one aircraft carrier, six
destroyers, one helicopter carrier and four oil tankers. Beside the
oil, a hundred tons of arms and ammunition were also to be provided;
See also: João Goulart#The Military Overthrow of Goulart
^ Secretary of State Colin L. Powell Interview On Black Entertainment
Television's Youth Town Hall. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on
2006-07-15.
Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the
Military Coup, September 11, 1973. National Security Archive.
Retrieved on 2006-07-15.
CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression Report to Congress
Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile. National Security Archive.
Retrieved on 2006-07-15.
New Transcripts Point to US Role in Chile Coup. Reuters. Retrieved on
2006-07-15.
The Kissinger Telcons National Security Archive Electronic Briefing
Book No. 123. National Security Archive. Retrieved on 2006-07-15.
'Wonderful World' Montage Moore slams past American policy; blames
U.S. for murder throughout history. bowlingfortruth.com. Retrieved on
2006-07-15.
Documents reveal U.S. funding for Chile coup. CNN.com. Retrieved on
2006-07-15.
[edit] See also
American empire
American foreign policy
Awards and decorations of the United States military
Department of Defense
History of United States overseas expansion
List of riots
List of strikes
List of massacres
List of military and non-military operations and projects
List of U.S. military leaders by rank
Military history of the United States
Militia
United States Armed Forces
Allegations of state terrorism by United States of America
United States casualties of war
[edit] External links
Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798-1993 by Ellen C.
Collier, Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs and
National Defense Division
United States Military Campaigns, Conflicts, Expeditions and Wars
Compiled by Larry Van Horn, U.S. Navy Retired
Conversations with History: Militarism and the American Empire - With
Chalmers Johnson, President of the Japan Policy Research Institute -
RealVideo format.
Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798-1993 by Ellen C.
Collier, Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs and
National Defense Division
United States Military Campaigns, Conflicts, Expeditions and Wars
Compiled by Larry Van Horn, U.S. Navy Retired
US interventions in Latin America
US Military Interventions Since 1890: From Wounded Knee to Iraq -
compiled by Geographer Zoltan Grossman
When foreign intervention is justified: Women under the Taliban
A Hemisphere of Our Own: U.S. Foreign Policy in Central America - 2
Hours Talk Given by Noam Chomsky at UC Berkeley in 1984 - RealAudio
format.
Congressional Research Service report RL30172: Hundreds of instances
of the employment of U.S. military forces abroad
[edit] Further reading
Ward Churchill On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the
Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality ISBN
1-902593-79-0, AK Press, 2003
Bill Yenne Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West ISBN
1-59416-016-3, Westholme, 2005
Conflicts involving the United States v·d·e
International conflicts: Sixty Years' War | Boxer Rebellion | World
War I | Russian Civil War | World War II | Cold War | Korean War |
Gulf War | Operation Restore Hope | Bosnian War | Kosovo War | War on
Terrorism
External conflicts: Quasi-War | First Barbary War | War of 1812 |
Second Barbary War | Mexican-American War | Spanish-American War |
Philippine-American War | Banana Wars | Occupation of Haiti | Vietnam
War | Invasion of Grenada | Invasion of Panama | Invasion of
Afghanistan | Iraq War
Internal conflicts: Indian Wars | Revolutionary War | Shays' Rebellion
| Whiskey Rebellion | Malta War | Seminole Wars | Toledo War | Mormon
War | Honey Lands | Bleeding Kansas | Utah War | Civil War | Brooks-
Baxter War
Other conflicts: Aroostook War | Pig War | Red River Bridge War |
Conch Republic
Related articles: List of American wars | List of United States
military history events | Overseas expansion of the United States